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Sport is - ✔✔"an institutionalized competitive activity involving two or more opponents and stressing physical exertion by serious competitors who represent or are part of formally organized associations" (Nixon, 1984, p. 13). "a competitive activity involving at least two competitors, requiring physical skill, following formal rules, and occurring within a formal organizational framework" (LeUnes, 2008, p. 5). Sport represents - ✔✔"well-established, officially governed competitive physical activities in which participants are motivated by internal and external rewards" (Coakley, 2009, p. 6). What is physical activity? - ✔✔all bodily movements that cause increases I physical exertion beyond that which occurs during normal daily activities Any body movement produced by skeletal muscles and resulting in a substantial increase over the resting energy expenditure what does exercise improve - ✔✔appearance, fitness, health and reduces stress What is exercise? - ✔✔a specific form of physical activity in which the individual engages for the purpose of improving fitness or health form of leisure activity that is undertaken in order to achieve a particular objective (improve appearance or reduce stress) what is health - ✔✔state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity How does Sociology differ from Biology and Psychology? - ✔✔Sociology looks at the broad picture and biology and psychology focus on the individual level. Sociology looks at cultural and society's influences.
3 Key assumptions of sociology? - ✔✔1. People are social by nature. 2. People attitudes and behaviors are shaped by family and friends. 3. People create, change, shape and challenge the social context in which they are situated. How does sociology relate to sport and physical activity? - ✔✔Sport and physical activity deals with questions like" How are some sports valued and promoted while others are not?' What is Sport? - ✔✔an institutionalized competitive activity involving two or more opponents, stressing physical exertion. What four things does Sport involve: - ✔✔Physical in nature, at least 2 people, competition, bound by formal rules of competition. What is the difference between values and sports? - ✔✔Values are culturally derived. Sports reaffirms certain social values. Success - ✔✔Winning is glorified, personal excellence measure by the amount of success one has achieved, both is society and sport. Competition - ✔✔Found in all places of society. It makes sports unique from other activities. What are the negative outcomes of competition? - ✔✔Survival of the fittest and winning becomes the "end all and be all" where coaches and players engage in illegal activities for the sake of winning. Valued means to achieve? - ✔✔Hard work Continued striving for excellence. Deferred gratification What does society value? - ✔✔a brighter future What does sport value? - ✔✔striving for continual improvement and progress towards goals, setting new records, winning more games.
How is theory used in sport? - ✔✔It helps us understand how sport and physical activity impact the use and perceptions of who we are What are the 4 social theories in sport? - ✔✔1. Functional 2. Conflict 3. Critical 4. Symbolic interactionism What does the functionalistic theory focus on? - ✔✔systems being interconnected with valued parts What are the potential weaknesses of the functionalist theory? - ✔✔over simplification and assumes all people experience sport the same way What is the Conflict Theory? - ✔✔Emphasis is on power and economics What is the focus of Conflict theory? - ✔✔focuses on disharmony,social discord, and conflict what is the focus of interaction theory - ✔✔focuses on how people interact with their environment to create meaning in their lives. what is the focus of hegemony theory - ✔✔focuses on power and how power is maintained what is the focus of critical race theory - ✔✔Centralizes race and racism in their analysis, questions theory of color blindness and racial equality. what is functionalism theory - ✔✔sport is seen as a positive contributor to society and benefits participants through development of better health and wellness, character development, and the ability to learn life lessons What is an example of Conflict Theory? - ✔✔Major league baseball teams exploit players being trained in other countries by paying them less than they are worth
What is a potential weakness of Conflict Theory? - ✔✔Economic emphasis; not all sports boil down to money What is Critical Theory? - ✔✔Groups are characterized by shared values and conflicts of interest. Agreements are never permanent. What is a potential weakness in Critical Theory? - ✔✔Points out weaknesses without solutions and tries to disrupt the status quo when it doesn't need changing. What is Critical Race Theory? - ✔✔It focuses on race and is commited to social justice. What is Feminist Theory? - ✔✔It focuses on the gender of sports. What is symbolic interaction? - ✔✔It is the relationships that people build from meaningful sports experiences. What are Organizational Systems? - ✔✔structure, procedures, and rules; forces ethical behavior What are personal ethics? - ✔✔sets of morals and values that an individual brings into an organization, workplace What are personal ethics influenced by? - ✔✔family, upbringing, life experiences, religious beliefs What does Doentology focus on? - ✔✔It focuses on the means or process and the ends or consequences of ones behavior; RIGHT What does Teleology focus on? - ✔✔It focuses on outcomes of the consequences of our behavior and the greatest good. What does Virtue ethics focus on? - ✔✔It focuses on the character of the individual and the authenticity of the person.
What is leisure - ✔✔non-productive consumption of time what is ethical dilemma - ✔✔situation where the course of action is unclear and challenges a person's belief ethics - ✔✔principle of right and wrong, how you should act morals - ✔✔fundamental baseline values that ultimately dictate our behavior lay theory - ✔✔frequently based on unfounded explanations not based on research What is Macro level governing rules - ✔✔legal systems that cover this level...US Constitution, Title IX, and Government rules and regulations What is recreational sport - ✔✔peewee football coach has no prior coaching experience, has player who "got his bell rung" he asks player to go back into the game. This is an example of an ethical dilemma on which level? What is an ethical dilemma - ✔✔An Aggie does not cheat, but your best friends needs help on a take- home test in order to be eligible. If you help and get caught you are both kicked out of the University. This is an example of a... What is personal ethics - ✔✔comes from your family background, religious beliefs, society, culture, and life experiences What is college sport - ✔✔Penn State assistant coach accused of inappropriate relations with minors. Which sport's industry level does this ethical dilemma represent? Sport is physical in nature - ✔✔it involves exertion and participants demonstrating physical skill Sport involves - ✔✔at least 2 people and competition
it excludes non-competition forms of physical activity such as______ - ✔✔professional wrestling A weakness of the functionalist theory is that it doesn't acknowledge that sport is a ____ ____. - ✔✔social construction Another weakness of the functionalist theory is that it assumes the _____ of all groups are the _______.
- ✔✔needs, same We must use a _______ _______ approach to study sport and ethics. - ✔✔critical approach The Critical Approach is based on the assumption that groups have ______ ______ and conflicts of interest. - ✔✔shared values Social life is a continuous process because agreements about values and social organization are never _________. - ✔✔permanent Values and social organizations change over time as there are _______ in the power balance. - ✔✔shifts ________ are principles of right and wrong, how you should act. - ✔✔Ethics What is an example of ethics being theoretical? - ✔✔Taking a person's life is unethical but in practice there are some times that it might be necessary: self defense, death penalty Morality involves actions that are based on basic values and society norms, how we _____. - ✔✔behave Sport gets its meaning from the ______ that it is a part of. - ✔✔Society S macro societal force that shapes ethical behavior is _________. - ✔✔culture
A third ethical dilemma in professional sports includes athlete _____ ____ _____ - ✔✔conduct and behavior In College sports, ethical dilemmas include: - ✔✔athlete pay, athlete relationships with player agents, gender equity, diversity, improprieties by coaches and administrators. In recreational sports, ethical dilemmas include: - ✔✔safety, access, affordability In Health and Fitness Club sport, ethical issues include: - ✔✔getting customers to sign contracts before they fully understand what they are getting into. ________ is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. - ✔✔Health Some people refer to health as _______. - ✔✔wellness Physical health is the overall functioning of the _____ _____. - ✔✔human body ________ health includes self efficacy and self esteem, coping with stress, and the ability to think clearly, reason, and function. - ✔✔Mental Health status is viewed on a ______. - ✔✔continuum Muscular Christianity Movement began in the ____ century in Britain and the U.S. - ✔✔19th Proponets of the Muscular Christianity Movement believe that sports develops a balance between ____ and ______ ________. - ✔✔physical and spiritual harmony The Muscular Christianity Movement is also seen as a way to improve quality of life for _____ ______. - ✔✔urban poor
Sport helped immigrants assimilate or ____ __ to American society and promoted interaction. - ✔✔fit in Physical activity improves ______ health. - ✔✔bone Physical activity improves ______ functions. - ✔✔cognitive (thinking) Physical activity decreases ____ ______ _____. - ✔✔high blood pressure Physical activity reduces risk of ______ and improves self _________. - ✔✔cancers, esteem Sport is a ______ form of leisure-time physical activity so these benefits may not apply to sport specifically. - ✔✔specialized Negative outcomes that apply to sport specifically include ______ and _______. - ✔✔overtraining and injury _____ and ______ are encouraged on the field and studies show that many players take them into their personal lives as well. - ✔✔Violence and aggression An athlete who experiences too much stress will become ______ _____. - ✔✔burnt out Sport can create and us versus ______ mentality. - ✔✔them An example of us vs. them is _______ talking, usually racist, homophobic in nature. - ✔✔trash A theory of the leisure class is that people communicated their _____ status by their possessions and ways they spend their free time. - ✔✔social
An example of a sport that is associated with greater status benefits is ________. - ✔✔Skiing: cost of equipment, travel, and time needed to engage in unproductive activity An example of youth sport reflecting the status of the parents is ________. - ✔✔Figure skating: a parent can spend as much as $40,000 a year on skates, coaches, costumes These sports are associated with lower classes: _____, ______, _____, and______. - ✔✔boxing, rugby, football, bodybuilding The difference between sports being seen as being of the upper or lower class is due to ______ and ______ capital. - ✔✔cultural and economic Cultural capital varies by _______ class. - ✔✔social Economic capital plays a role because the lower classes tend to prefer sports that are _______. - ✔✔inexpensive Sport team ownership is a very ______ form of conspicuous consumption and leisure. - ✔✔visible Today, sport is seen as a _______occupation rather than conspicuous leisure. - ✔✔productive _______is the transformation of goods, services, or relationships into commodities that are bought and sold in a market exchange. - ✔✔Commodification Society took something that inherently had no rules and turned it into something that one could make ______ off of. - ✔✔money An example of a consequence of commodification made to make a game more media and consumer friendly is the ____ ____. - ✔✔shot clock
Marxist theory shows the relationship between the upper and lower classes as ______. - ✔✔antagonistic _____ class is the ruling capitalist class that controls factors of production according to Marx. - ✔✔Bourgeoisie The goal of according to the Marxist theory of commodification is capitalist ______. - ✔✔accumulation Proletariat class comprises the workers who provide _____to the bourgeoisie. - ✔✔labor An example of the two classes struggling and the laborers being exploited for profit: - ✔✔team owners and athletes disagreeing over salaries Marx sees _____ as an "ideological tool, misleading the masses to sustain buurgeois control." - ✔✔Marx What does socializing costs while privatizing benefits mean when building a sports stadium? - ✔✔It means the community must pay for the stadium while the owners receive the benefits Unfortunately, research shows that sports facilities have a _______ impact on employment and income in the host community. - ✔✔negligible or negative Many decisions to build sports stadiums are because of _____ _____, not to better the economy. - ✔✔political pressure An example of building a professional stadium that took money away from other things is? - ✔✔Elected officials spent $454 million on a new stadium for the Cincinatti Bengals when at the time 1 in 7 people were living below the poverty line. What was the case study in Corpus Christi about? - ✔✔They built a $32 million dollar stadium which did not improve the economy and intensified class conflicts. ______ is the concept of countries collectively conducting business. - ✔✔Globalization
The organization, _____, founded in Paris in 1904 brought different nations and people together more than any other league. - ✔✔FIFA The years of the Television Generation were ___ to _____. - ✔✔ 1950 - 1989 This generation is when _____ sport became popular through the means of television. - ✔✔international In the Television generation, the sports of ___ and ____ popularity increased greatly. - ✔✔football and basketball In the Television generation, there was _____marketing, communication and advertising. - ✔✔increased All the attention to players brought on the players seeking professional ____ which led to the development of sports agencies. - ✔✔representation The years of the Highlight Generation were ___ to ____. - ✔✔ 1190 - present in the Highlight generation, sports in general were not relied on as heavily as ______. - ✔✔individuals The ____ is a major topic in international sport. - ✔✔Olympics The 1984 Olympics hosted in Los Angeles was the first time major _____ sponsored the games. - ✔✔corporations The Olympics have also impacted _____. For example nations boycotting in protest to various things. - ✔✔society ______ refers to having an influence on more than one nation. - ✔✔Internationalism
In the 2002-2003 season, the NBA was broadcast in 212 _____ and in 42 different ____. - ✔✔nations, languages Corporate sponsorship of international teams and individual athletes is an effort to increase ____ _____ and sales. - ✔✔brand recognition What other country besides the U.S. has an international division office? - ✔✔Australia Who hosted the World Cup in 2012 that had a positive effect on the nation's economy as well as a positive social impact? - ✔✔South Africa Hosting the Olympic games also enabled ____ to form a democracy and foster positive relationships with their neighbors. - ✔✔Korea
