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STARTING OUT WITH PYTHON 6 CONCEPT
REVIEW GUIDE 2026 OBJECT ORIENTED
PROGRAMMING AND DEBUGGING
TECHNIQUES
โ What is hardware? Answer: Refers to all of the physical components of devices of which a computer is made. It is not one single device, but a system of devices that work together like a symphony. Each device in a computer plays its own part. โ List 5 major components of a computer system. Answer: The CPU, RAM (main memory), Disk or Disk Drives (secondary memory) Input Devices, Output Devices โ What part of the computer actually runs programs? Answer: Central Processing Unit (CPU) (It executes instructions) โ What part of the computer serves as a work area to store a program and its data when running? Answer: RAM (random access memory) โ What part of the computer holds data for a long period of time; even when there is no power to the computer? Answer: Disk Drive/ Disk (inside the computer or external Disk Drive or Thumb Drive
โ What part of the computer collects data from people and other devices? Answer: Input Devices such as - keyboard, Waacom tables, digital camera, mouse, scanner, microphone โ What part of the computer formats and presents data for people and other devices? Answer: Output Devices such as - Computer monitor, speaker, printer, disc drive โ What fundamental set of programs control the internal operations of the computers hardware? Answer: Operating Systems - the most fundamental set of programs on a computer ie. windows, macOC, Linus (system software) โ What do you call a program that performs a specialized task, such as virus scanner, a file compression program, or a data backup program? Answer: Utility Program โ Word Processing programs, spreadsheet programs, email programs, web browsers, and game programs belong to what category of software? Answer: Apps Application Software - make a computer useful for everyday use. โ Monitors, printers, status lights are all examples of what type of devices Answer: Output Devices
โ Application software is what? Answer: is any software that runs with the support of the operating systems. โ What amount of memory is enough to store a letter of the alphabet or a small number? Answer: one byte โ What do you call a tiny "switch" that can be set to either on or off? Answer: bit โ In what numbering system are all numeric values written as sequences of 0s and 1s? Answer: binary numbering system โ What is the purpose of ASCII? Answer: The American Standard Code for Information Interchange is a set of 128 numeric codes that represent the English letters, various punctuation marks, and other characters. โ What encoding scheme is extensive enough to represent the characters of many of the languages in the world? Answer: Unicode โ What is Two's complement? Answer: An advanced number storage encoding scheme used for negative numbers
โ What is floating-point notations? Answer: An advanced number storage encoding scheme used for real numbers โ What is digital data? Answer: Digital data is any data that is stored in binary format โ What is digital device? Answer: Digital device is any device that works with binary data. โ A CPU understands instructions that are written only in what language? Answer: machine language โ A program has to be copied into what type of memory each time the CPU executes it? Answer: Main memory, or RAM โ When a CPU executes the instructions in a program, it is engaged in what process? Answer: The fetch-decode-execute cycle โ What is assembly language? Answer: It is an alternative language to machine language. Instead of using, binary numbers for instructions, assembly language uses short words that are known as mnemonics.
โ What do you call a program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high-level language program? Answer: an interpreter โ What type of mistake is usually caused by a misspelled word, a missing punctuation character, or the incorrect use of an operator? Answer: Syntax error โ The statements that a programmer writes in a high-level language are called what? Answer: Source code or code โ What happens when you have a syntax error? Answer: You receive an error message and the program can not be compiled or executed. โ What does the term bit stand for? Answer: binary digit โ A byte in memory is identified by a unique number called its Answer: address โ In modern computer systems, a byte consists of how many bits? Answer: 8
โ A binary digit (choose one) is either positive or negative, is zero or one, requires one byte of storage, is 2, is none of the above. Answer: is zero or one โ The binary equivalent of the decimal numeral 3 is Answer: 11 โ The binary equivalent of the decimal numeral 6 is Answer: 110 โ The binary equivalent of the decimal numeral 2 is Answer: 10 โ The binary equivalent of the decimal numeral 9 is Answer: 1001 โ The binary representation of a number divisible by 4 ends in Answer: 00 โ What best defines a "programming language"? Answer: It allows us to express an algorithm. โ Machine languages can be used to express Answer: algorithms โ Machine language consists of Answer: zeros and ones โ Machine language is produced by Answer: compilers
โ How many bytes in a Megabyte MB Answer: about 1 million bytes โ How many bytes in a Gigabyte GB Answer: about 1 billion bytes โ How many bytes in a Terabyte TB Answer: about 1 trillion bytes โ A program Answer: is a long sequence of machine language instructions. โ Fetch Answer: The first step of this cycle is to___________, or read the next instruction from memory into the the CPU. โ A machine language instruction Answer: is a binary number that represents a command that tells the CPU to perform an operation. โ Decode Answer: In this step, the CPU decodes the instruction that was just fetched (or read) from memory, to determine which operation it should perform. โ Execute Answer: The last step in a 3 step cycle in the CPU to perform the operation. โ Computers can only execute programs that are written in __________. Answer: machine language
โ A(n) is a set of instructions that a computer follows to perform a task. a. compiler b. program c. interpreter d. programming language Answer: program โ The physical devices that a computer is made of are referred to as __________. Answer: hardware โ The part of a computer that runs programs is called __________. Answer: CPU โ Today, CPUs are small chips known as __________. Answer: Microprocessors โ The computer stores a program while the program is running, as well as the data that the program is working with, in ____. Answer: main memory โ This is a volatile type of memory that is used only for temporary storage while a program is running. Answer: RAM (random access memory, a.k.a. main memory)
marks, and other characters is __________. Answer: ASCII โ An extensive encoding scheme that can represent characters for many languages in the world is ____. Answer: Unicode โ Negative numbers are encoded using the __________ technique. Answer: two's complement โ Real numbers are encoded using the_____________technique. Answer: Floating point โ The tiny dots of color that digital images are composed of are called __________. Answer: pixels โ If you were to look at a machine language program, you would see _________. Answer: a stream of binary numbers โ The ________translates an assembly language program to a machine language program. Answer: assembler โ The Python language uses an______________, which is a program that both translates and executes the instructions in a high-level language program. Answer: interpreter
โ The words that make up a high-level programming language are called __________. Answer: key words โ The rules that must be followed when writing a program are called __________. Answer: syntax โ A(n)__________program translates a high-level language program into a separate machine language program. Answer: compiler โ True or False Today, CPUs are huge devices made of electrical and mechanical components such as vacuum tubes and switches. Answer: False โ Main memory is also known as ________. Answer: Random Access Memory (RAM) โ binary data Answer: Any piece of data that is stored in a computer's memory must be stored as a _______ โ Images, like the ones you make with your digital camera, cannot be stored as Answer: binary numbers
Example: C++ programming language uses compiler. Interpreter Interpreter is a special program that does the translation and simultaneously executes each and every instruction also. In this, both translation and execution are done simultaneously. Interpreter performs the translation and execution line by line and reports the error if any. Example: Python Programming language uses interpreter. โ What is a high-level programming language? Answer: A language which enables a programmer to write programs that are close to human language. This makes the coding much easier to reader and write โ What is the difference between assembly language and high level language? Answer: An assembly language directly controls the physical hardware. A high level language is much more abstract, which must be compliled; translated into machine language. Examples high level languages include Python, Java, JavaScript; etc. Examples of assembly language. Programs written in high level languages will never match the raw speed and efficiency of program written in assembly. Linux uses assembly language. Assembly language is one step up from machine language.
โ What type of software controls the internal operations of the computer's hardware? Answer: System Software. Such as Windows, Linux, Mac OS โ What is a utility program? Answer: Systems software that provides additional functionality to the operating system and helps make the operating system/computer easier to use, examples are antivirus software, back up software and disk tools. โ Ada Answer: Was created in the 1970's, primarily, for applications used by the US Dept of Defense. The language is named in honor of Countess Ada Lovelace, an influential and historic figure in the fiueld of computing. โ BASIC Answer: Beginners all-purpose Symbolic Instruction code is a general-purpose language that was originally designed in the early 1960's to be a simple enough for beginners to learn. today, there are many different versions of BASIC. โ FORTRAN was designed for which groups of people? Answer: Mathematicians, scientists, and engineers. โ FORTRAN Answer: FORmula TRANslator was the first high-level programming language. It was designed in the 1950's for performing complex mathematical calculations.
It is not related to another programming language that goes by a similar name. โ Python Answer: is a general-purpose language created in the early 1990's. It has become popular in business and academic applications. โ Ruby Answer: is a general-purpose language that was created in the 1990's. It is increasingly becoming a popular language for programs that run on Web servers. โ Visual Basic Answer: is a Microsoft programming language and software development environment that allows programmers to create Windows based applications quickly. It was originally created in the early 1990's. โ How do you start Python in the interactive mode Answer: by typing in python in the command line โ
