Statistics Chapter 1 Test 2025 ~ 2026
Census - ANS is the collection of data from every element in a population.
cluster sampling - ANS we first divide the population area into sections (or clusters),
then randomly select a few of those sections, and then choose all the members from
those selected sections.
Confounding - ANS occurs when the effects from two or more variables cannot be
distinguished from each other.
Continuous data - ANS result from many possible values that can be associated with
points on a continuous scale in such a way that there are no gaps or interruptions.
convenience sampling - ANS we simply use results that are readily available.
Discrete data - ANS result from either a finite number of possible values or a countable
number of possible values. (That is, the number of possible values is 0, or 1, or 2, and
so on.)
experiment - ANS we apply some treatment and then proceed to observe its effects on
the subjects.
interval level of measurement - ANS is like the ordinal level, with the additional property
that we can determine meaningful amounts of differences between data. However,
there is no inherent (natural) zero starting point (where none of the quantity is present).
nominal level of measurement - ANS is characterized by data that consist of names,
labels, or categories only. The data cannot be arranged in an ordering scheme (such as
low to high).
nonsampling error - ANS occurs when the sample data are incorrectly collected,
recorded, or analyzed (such as by selecting a nonrandom and biased sample, using a
defective measuring instrument, or copying the sample data incorrectly).
observational study - ANS we observe and measure specific characteristics, but we
don't attempt to manipulate or modify the subjects being studied.
