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STEEL DESIGN 2026/2027 ACTUAL EXAM
(DETAILED & ELABORATED) COMPREHENSIVE
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ACCURATE
SOLUTION 2026 TEST!!
BOOK REFERENCES USED
- Structural Steel Design- DIT Gillesania
- Simplified Steel Design- Mark Jefferson B. Castro
- Steel Design-William T. Segui Steel Design or Structural Steel Design is a place of structural engineering used for designing of metal systems (Steels). Structural analysis. The outcomes of loads and moments on systems are decided thru Residential
houses, apartments, hotels Commercial offices, banks, department stores, shopping centres; Institutional schools, universities, hospitals, gaols; Exhibition churches, theatres, museums, art galleries, leisure centres, sports stadia, etc. Industrial factories, warehouses, power stations, steelworks, aircraft hangers etc. Bridges truss, girder, arch, cable suspended, suspension Towers water towers, pylons, lighting towers etc Special structures offshore structures, carparks, radio telescopes, mine headframes etc. Shear Walls are commonly used to stabilize multistorey buildings
Design Specifications provide guidance in designing a structural member and connections. American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC) This specification provides for the design of structural steel buildings and their connections. American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) This specification covers the design of highway bridges and re- lated structures. It provides for all structural materials normally used in bridges, including steel, reinforced concrete, and timber American Railway Engineering and Maintenance-of-Way Association (AREMA) covers the design of railway bridges and related structures. This organization was formerly known as the American Railway Engineering Association (AREA) American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI) This specification deals with cold-formed steel Structural Design It is determining and selecting the overall dimensions of the supporting frameworks or members in a structure. Structural Design
Here, we determine a required cross-sectional area for a certain structural member and select the safest dimensions based on this area. Steel an alloy of primarily iron and carbon, with fewer impurities and less carbon than cast iron, was first used in heavy construction in the nineteenth century. Tensile Test The characteristics of steel that are of the most interest to structural engineers can be examined by plotting the results of a
Proportional Limit is the highest point on the linear portion of the stress-strain diagram or the largest stress for which Hooke's Law applies. Elastic Limit is the largest stress that a material can withstand without being permanently deformed. It lies between the proportional limit and the upper yield point Elastic Range Up to the elastic limit, the specimen can be unloaded without permanent deformation: the unloading will be along the linear portion of the diagram, the same path followed during loading Yield Stress
Tensile Strength, Fu is the largest unit stress that the material achieves in a tension test Modulus of Elasticity, E is the slope of the initial straight-line portion of the stress-strain diagram. Modulus of Elasticity, E It is usually taken as 200,000 MPa for design calculation for all structural steel. Ductility is the ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformations without fracture. Toughness is the ability of the material to absorb energy and is characterized by the area under stress-strain curve. Weldability is the ability of steel to be welded without changing its basic mechanical properties. Poisson's Ratio is the ratio of the transverse strain to longitudinal strain. Poisson's ratio
is essentially the same for all structural steels and has a value of 0 in the elastic range. Shear Modulus is the ratio of the shearing stress to shearing strain during the initial elastic behavior Plain carbon steels mostly iron and carbon, with less than 1% carbon. Low-alloy steels iron and carbon plus other components (usually less than 5%). The additional components are primarily for increasing strength, which is accomplished at the expense of a reduction in ductility. High-alloy or specialty steels similar in composition to the low-alloy steels but with a higher percentage of the components added to iron and carbon. These steels are higher in strength than the plain carbon steels and also have some special quality, such as resistance to corrosion. Cold-formed Bending thin material such as sheet steel or plate into the desired shape without heating. Wide Flange Flange surfaces are parallel; flange thickness is not necessarily equal to the web thickness.
a built-up shape must be used because none of the standard rolled shapes are large enough; that is, the cross section does not have enough area or moment of inertia. ASD (ALLOWABLE STRENGTH DESIGN) is a method of proportioning structural components such that the allowable strength equals or exceeds the required strength of the component under the action or the ASO load combinations. BEAM is a structural member that has the primary function of resisting bending moments. BEAM-COLUMN is a structural member that resist both axial force and bending moment. BLOCK SHEAR RUPTURE refers to a connection, limit state of tension fracture along one path and shear yielding or shear fracture a long another path. BUCKLING is a limit state of sudden change in the geometry or a structure or any of its elements under a critical loading condition. CAMBER is a curvature fabricated into a beam or truss so as to compensate for deflection induced by loads.
COLD-FORMED STEEL STRUCTURAL MEMBER
refers to the shape manufactured by press-braking blanks sheared from sheets, cut lengths of coils or plates, or by roll forming. cold-or hot-rolled coils or sheets; both forming operations being performed at ambient room temperature, that is, without manifest addition of heat such as would be required for hot forming. COLUMN is the structural member that has the primary function of resisting axial force. CONNECTION a combination of structural elements and joints used to transmit forces between two or more members. LAP JOINT is a Joint between two overlapping connection elements in parallel planes LOCAL BENDING is the ultimate state of large deformation of a flange under a concentrated transverse force. LOCAL BUCKLING refers to buckling of a compression element where the line junctions between elements remain straight and angles between elements do not change.
THICKNESS
refers to thickness of any element or section is the base steel thickness, exclusive of coatings. WEAK AXIS is a minor principal centroidal axis of a cross section. WEB is the portion of the section that is joined to two flanges, or that is joined to only one flange provided it crosses the neutral axis. WEB BUCKLING refers to limit state of lateral instability of a web. YIELD POINT refers to first stress in a material which an increase in strain occurs without an increase in stress as defined by ASTM. YIELD STRENGTH refers to stress at which a material exhibits a specified limiting deviation from the proportionality of stress to strain as defined by ASTM. YIELD STRESS is a generic term to denote either yield point or yield strength, as appropriate for the material. YIELDING
is a limit state of inelastic deformation that occurs after the yield stress is reached. Yield Stress, Fy is that unit tensile stress at which the stress-strain curve exhibits a well defined increase in strain (deformation) without an increase in stress Tensile Strength, Fu is the largest unit stress that the material achieves in a tension test Modulus of Elasticity, E is the slope of initial straight-line portion of the stress-strain diagram. Ductility is the ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformation without fracture Toughness is the ability of the material to absorb energy and is characterized by the area under stress-strain curve Weldability is the ability of steel to be welded without changing its basic mechanical properties Poisson's Ratio, μ
Where structural members are arranged to create continuity, members shall be designed using the loading conditions, which would cause maximum shear and bending moments. This requirement may be satisfied in the NSCP 2015 code provisions Floor Live Loads These loads shall be taken as the minimum live loads of horizontal projection to be used in the design of buildings for the occupancies listed, and loads at least equal shall be assumed for uses not listed but that creates or accommodates similar loadings Distribution of Uniform Floor Loads Where uniform floor loads are involved, consideration may be limited to full dead load on all spans in combination with full live load on adjacent spans and alternate spans. Concentrated Loads Floors shall be designed to support safely the uniformly distributed live loads prescribed in the code or the concentrated load given in the table whichever produces the greatest load effects. Special Loads Provision shall be made for the special vertical and lateral loads as set forth in table 205- 2 Roof Live Load
The live loads shall be assumed to act vertically upon the area projected on a horizontal plane. Structural Members are assembled thru the use of bolts, rivets, and welds Built-up shapes either from plates, rolled shapes, or a combination of plates and rolled shapes, are sometimes used when large loads must be resisted double-angle section. The most common built-up configuration Limit State a condition at which a structure or part of a structure ceases to perform its intended function. Strength limit state load-carrying capacity, including excessive yielding, fracture, buckling, fatigue and gross rigid body motion Serviceability limit states performance, including deflection, cracking, slipping, vibration and deterioration Staggered Fasteners If a tension member connection is made with bolts, the net area will be maximized if the fasteners are placed in a single line.
is a place of structural engineering used for designing of metal systems (Steels). Structural analysis. The outcomes of loads and moments on systems are decided thru Residential houses, apartments, hotels Commercial offices, banks, department stores, shopping centres; Institutional schools, universities, hospitals, gaols; Exhibition churches, theatres, museums, art galleries, leisure centres, sports stadia, etc. Industrial factories, warehouses, power stations, steelworks, aircraft hangers etc. Bridges truss, girder, arch, cable suspended, suspension Towers
water towers, pylons, lighting towers etc Special structures offshore structures, carparks, radio telescopes, mine headframes etc. Shear Walls are commonly used to stabilize multistorey buildings Single-storey single- or multibay structures which may be of truss or stanchion frames or rigid frame of solid or lattice members multistorey single- or multibay structures of braced or rigid frame construction Space decks and domes are redundant structures, while towers may be statically determinate space structures; Towers may be statically determinate space structures Stressed skin structures where the cladding stabilizes the structure. Design specification give more specific guidance for the design of structural members and their connections.
