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STEP 1 USMLE REVIEW
often precedes squamous cell carcinoma actinic keratosis primary adrenocortical deficiency Addison's disease polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls - diagnosis? Albright's syndrome hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness Alport's syndrome anti-basement membrane antibodies - diagnosis? Goodpasture's syndrome anticentromere antibodies - diagnosis? scleroderma (CREST) anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies) - diagnosis?
- what hypersensitivity type? SLE - type III hypersensitivity anti-epithelial cell antibodies - diagnosis? pemphigus vulgaris antigliadin antibodies - diagnosis? celiac disease antihistone antibodies - diagnosis? drug-induced SLE anti-IgG antibodies - diagnosis? rheumatoid arthritis antimitochondrial antibodies - diagnosis? primary biliary cirrhosis antineutrophil antibodies - diagnosis?
vasculitis antiplatelet antibodies - diagnosis? idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura arachnodactyly - diagnosis? Marfan's syndrome Argyll-Robertson pupil - diagnosis? neurosyphilis Arnold-Chiari malformation cerebellar tonsillar herniation Aschoff bodies - diagnosis? rheumatic fever atrophy of the mammillary bodies - diagnosis? Wernicke's encephalopathy Auer rods - diagnosis? acute myelogenous leukemia (especially promyelocytic type) autosplenectomy - diagnosis? sickle cell anemia Babinski's sign is associated with what? UMN lesion "bamboo spine" on x-ray ankylosing spondylitis basophilic stippling of RBCs - diagnosis? lead poisoning defective dystrophin, less severe than Duchenne's Becker's muscular dystrophy LMN CN VII palsy Bell's palsy
Actinomyces israelii "brown tumor" of bone - possible diagnoses?
- what causes the brown color? hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease)
- color is due to hemorrhage in cysts X-linked agammaglobulinemia Bruton's disease posthepatic venous thrombosis - diagnosis? Budd-Chiari syndrome Buerger's disease - what size arteries does it affect? small or medium-artery vasculitis Burkitt's lymphoma - what is the translocation?
- what virus is it associated with?
- appearance on histology? 8:14 translocation EBV starry sky appearance Burton's lines - diagnosis? lead poisoning what types of ANCA are associated with Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis? Wegener's - c-ANCA MPA - p-ANCA cafe-au-lait spots on skin - diagnosis? neurofibromatosis calf pseudohypertrophy - diagnosis? Duchenne's muscular dystrophy Call-Exner bodies - diagnosis? granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary cardiomegaly with apical atrophy - diagnosis?
Chagas' disease trypanosome infection - diagnosis? Chagas' disease painless chancre - diagnosis? primary syphilis painful chancroid - cause? Haemophilus ducreyi Charcot's triad of multiple sclerosis nystagmus, intention tremor, scanning speech Charcot's triad of cholangitis jaundice, RUQ pain, fever Charcot-Leyden crystals - diagnosis?
- what are they? bronchial asthma - eosinophil membranes what is the defect in Chediak-Higashi disease? phagocyte deficiency cherry-red spot on macula - possible diagnoses? Tay-Sachs or Niemann-Pick disease what are Cheyne-Stokes respirations, and in what circumstance do they occur? central apnea in CHF and increased intracranial pressure "chocolate cysts" endometriosis what does chronic atrophic gastritis predispose to? gastric carcinoma Chvostek's sign - what is it, and what does it indicate? facial muscle spasm upon tapping - sign of hypocalcemia DES exposure in utero predisposes to what? clear cell adenocarcinoma of the vagina
Curschmann's spirals - diagnosis?
- what are they? bronchial asthma - whorled mucous plugs acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury Cushing's ulcer D-dimers - diagnosis? DIC depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra - diagnosis?
- where is the defect?
- symptoms? Parkinson's disease - basal ganglia disorder
- rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea - diagnosis? pellagra (niacin/vitamin B3 deficiency) dog or cat bite - infected with? Pasteurella multocida what is Dressler's syndrome? post-MI fibrinous pericarditis what is Dubin-Johnson syndrome?
- what is the defect?
- what is the pathologic consequence? congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia - due to defective liver excretion of conjugated bilirubin, causing black liver what is the defect in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy?
- what is the inheritance pattern? deleted dystrophin gene - X-linked recessive eburnation - diagnosis? osteoarthritis trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease Edwards' syndrome
what is Eisenmenger's complex? late cyanosis shunt (reversal of an uncorrected L-R shunt to an R-L shunt) elastic skin - diagnosis? Ehlers-Danlos syndrome where and what is Erb-Duchenne palsy? superior trunk injury to brachial plexus (C5-6) - "waiter's tip" erythema chronicum migrans - diagnosis? Lyme disease genetically inherited aplastic anemia Fanconi's anemia what is Fanconi's syndrome? proximal tubular reabsorption defect (causes excretion of many things - leads to, among other things, rickets, metabolic acidosis, hypokalemia) "fat, female, forty, and fertile" - at risk for? acute cholecystitis fatty liver - associated with? alcoholism ferruginous bodies - diagnosis? asbestosis colon polyps with osteomas and soft tissue tumors - diagnosis? Gardner's syndrome what is the defect in Gaucher's disease? glucocerebrosidase deficiency Ghon focus - diagnosis? primary TB what is Gilbert's syndrome?
- what is the deficiency? benign congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia - due to mildly decreased UDP- glucouronyl transferase or decreased bilirubin uptake by liver
heterophil antibodies - diagnosis?
- caused by what? infectious mononucleosis - caused by EBV high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) is associated with what vitamin deficiency?
- what is the disease called? vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency - wet beriberi HLA-B27 - associated with what diseases? Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease disease associated with HLA-DR3 or DR
- what causes it? diabetes mellitus type 1 - autoimmune destruction of beta cells Homer Wright rosettes - diagnosis? neuroblastoma honeycomb lung on x-ray - diagnosis? interstitial fibrosis symptoms of Horner's syndrome ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis Howell-Jolly bodies - caused by what? splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen caudate degeneration - diagnosis?
- what is the inheritance pattern? Huntington's disease - autosomal dominant hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility - diagnosis?
- what is the affected organ? Kluver-Bucy syndrome - affects amygdala hyperpigmentation of skin - diagnosis? primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) hypersegmented neutrophils - diagnosis? macrocytic anemia
hypertension and hypokalemia - diagnosis? Conn's syndrome (aldosterone-secreting tumor) hypochromic microcytosis - possible diagnoses? iron deficiency anemia, lead poisoning increased alpha-fetoprotein in amniotic fluid/maternal serum - possible diagnoses? neural tube defects (anencephaly, spina bifida) increased uric acid levels - possible diagnoses? gout, Lesch-Nyhan syndrome, myeloproliferative disorders, use of loop and thiazide diuretics Janeway lesions - diagnosis? endocarditis what disease is the Jarish-Herxheimer reaction associated with, and what is it? syphilis - overaggressive treatment of an asymptomatic patient that causes symptoms due to rapid lysis what is the defect in Job's syndrome? neutrophil chemotaxis abnormality - due to failure of IFN-gamma production by helper T cells Kaposi's sarcoma - associated with? AIDS in MSM what is the defect in Kartagener's syndrome? dynein defect Kayser-Fleischer rings - diagnosis? Wilson's disease keratin pearls - diagnosis? squamous cell carcinoma Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules - diagnosis? diabetic nephropathy bilateral amygdala lesions - diagnosis? Kluver-Bucy syndrome koilocytes - diagnosis?
Mallory bodies - diagnosis? alcoholic liver disease esophagogastric lacerations - diagnosis? Mallory-Weiss syndrome what is the defect in McArdle's disease? muscle phosphorylase deficiency McBurney's sign - diagnosis? appendicitis MLF syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia) - diagnosis? multiple sclerosis monoclonal antibody spike - possible diagnoses?
- what makes up the spike in each? multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA) MGUS Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM) myxedema - diagnosis? hypothyroidism necrotizing vasculitis of the lungs (hemoptysis) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis - possible diagnoses? Wegener's or Goodpasture's needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals - diagnosis? gout Negri bodies - diagnosis? rabies nephritis, cataracts, hearing loss - diagnosis?
- what is the defect? Alport's syndrome
- type IV collagen defect neurofibrillary tangles - diagnosis? Alzheimer's disease
what is the defect in Niemann-Pick disease? sphingomyelinase deficiency no lactation postpartum - diagnosis?
- what causes it? Sheehan's syndrome - due to pituitary infarction nutmeg liver - diagnosis? CHF occupational exposure to asbestos - associated with? malignant mesothelioma "Orphan Annie" nuclei - diagnosis? papillary carcinoma of the thyroid Osler's nodes - diagnosis? endocarditis owl's eye inclusion bodies - diagnosis? CMV eczematous dermatitis of nipple or areola - diagnosis?
- what is it a sign of? Paget's disease of breast
- sign of underlying neoplasm increased osteoblastic and osteoclastic activity - diagnosis? Paget's disease of bone (osteitis deformans) painless jaundice - diagnosis? pancreatic cancer (of head) palpable purpura on legs and buttocks - diagnosis? Henoch-Schonlein purpura bronchogenic apical tumor associated with Horner's syndrome Pancoast's tumor pannus - diagnosis? rheumatoid arthritis
polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection Guillain-Barre syndrome what is the defect in Pompe's disease?
- what significant finding is it associated with? lysosomal glucosidase deficiency
- cardiomegaly port-wine stain - diagnosis? hemangioma positive anterior "drawer sign" - diagnosis? anterior cruciate ligament injury what is Pott's disease? vertebral tuberculosis pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement - diagnosis? glioblastoma multiforme pseudorosettes - diagnosis? Ewing's sarcoma ptosis, miosis, anhidroisis - diagnosis?
- often associated with what? Horner's syndrome
- Pancoast's tumor rash on palms and soles - possible diagnoses? secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, coxsackie A virus recurrent vasospasm in extremities - diagnosis? Raynaud's syndrome RBC casts in urine - diagnosis? acute glomerulonephritis recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections - associated with? cystic fibrosis red urine in the morning - diagnosis?
paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria Reed-Sternberg cells - diagnosis? Hodgkin's lymphoma increased Reid index - diagnosis? chronic bronchitis (gland depth/total thickness of bronchial wall) Reinke crystals - diagnosis? Leydig cell tumor what are the symptoms of Reiter's syndrome? urethritis, conjunctivitis, arthritis renal cell carcinoma, cavernous hemangiomas, adenomas - diagnosis? von Hippel-Lindau disease renal epithelial casts in urine - diagnosis? acute toxic/viral nephrosis rhomboid crystals, positively birefringent - diagnosis? pseudogout rib notching - diagnosis? coarctation of aorta Roth's spots in retina - diagnosis? endocarditis what is Rotor's syndrome?
- what is the defect?
- similar to what disease? congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
- defective liver excretion of bilirubin (similar to Dubin-Johnson, but milder) rouleaux formation of RBCs - diagnosis? multiple myeloma S3 - possible diagnoses? left-to-right shunt (VSD, PDA, ASD), mitral regurgitation, CHF (LV failure) S4 - possible diagnoses?
giant cell tumor of bone spike and dome on EM - diagnosis? membranous glomerulonephritis what is a Spitz nevus? benign juvenile melanoma splinter hemorrhages in fingernails - diagnosis? endocarditis starry-sky pattern - diagnosis? Burkitt's lymphoma "strawberry tongue" - diagnosis? scarlet fever streaky ovaries - diagnosis? Turner's syndrome string sign on x-ray - diagnosis? Crohn's disease subepithelial humps on EM - diagnosis? poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis suboccipital lymphadenopathy - diagnosis? rubella sulfur granules - diagnosis? Actinomyces israelii swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia - diagnosis?
- what is this due to?
- why do these symptoms occur? scury - vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency
- vitamin C is needed for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) - diagnosis? aortic valve stenosis
t(8;14) - diagnosis?
- gene involved? Burkitt's lymphoma
- c-myc activation t(9;22) - diagnosis?
- gene involved? CML
- Philadelphia chromosome - bcr-abl hybrid t(14;18) - diagnosis?
- gene involved? follicular lymphoma
- bcl-2 activation tabes dorsalis - diagnosis? tertiary syphilis tendon xanthomas (classically Achilles) - diagnosis? familial hypercholesterolemia thumb sign on lateral x-ray - diagnosis?
- caused by what? epiglottitis - due to Haemophilus influenzae thyroidization of kidney - diagnosis? chronic bacterial pyelonephritis tophi - diagnosis? gout "tram-track" appearance on LM - diagnosis? membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis what is Trousseau's sign of malignancy?
- possible diagnoses? migratory thrombophlebitis
- visceral cancer or pancreatic adenocarcinoma what is Trousseau's sign of latent tetany?
- diagnosis?
