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STORAGE Area network, Essays (university) of Indian History

Acharya Nagarjuna University Indian History

Notes for STORAGE AREA NETWORK FOR ISE 7TH SEM

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2018/2019

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STORAGE AREA NETWORKS

1-1

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION STORAGE

DATA CENTER ENVIRONMENT

DATA PROTECTION - RAID

INTELLIGENT STORAGE SYSTEM

1.1 Information Storage

1.1.1 Data

1.1.2 Types of Data

1.1.3 Big Data

1.1.3.1 Data Science

1.1.4 Information

1.1.5 Storage

1.2 Evolution of Storage Architecture

1.2.1 Server Centric Storage Architecture

1.2.2 Information Centric Architecture

1.3 Data Center Infrastructure

1.3.1 Core Elements of a Data Center

1.3.2 Key Characteristics for Data Center

1.3.3 Managing a Data Center

1.4 Virtualization and Cloud Computing

1.4.1 Virtualization

1.4.2 Cloud Computing

1.5 Data Center Environment

1.5.1 Application

1.5.2 DBMS

1.5.3 Host

1.5.3.1 Operating System (OS)

1.5.3.1.1 Memory Virtualization

1.5.3.2 Device Driver

1.5.3.3 Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

1.5.3.4 File System

1.5.3.5 Compute Virtualization

1.5.4 Connectivity

1.5.4.1 Physical Components

1.5.4.2 Interface Protocols

1.5.4.2.1 IDE/ATA

1.5.4.2.2 SCSI

1.5.4.2.3 Fibre Channel

1.5.4.2.4 IP

1.5.5 Storage

1.6 RAID Implementation Methods

1.6.1 Software RAID

1.6.2 Hardware RAID

1.7 RAID Array Components

1.8 RAID Techniques

1.8.1 Striping

1.8.2 Mirroring

1.8.3 Parity

1.9 RAID Levels

1.9.1 RAID-0

1.9.2 RAID-1

1.9.3 Nested-RAID

VTUNOTESBYSRI

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MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION STORAGE

DATA CENTER ENVIRONMENT

DATA PROTECTION - RAID

INTELLIGENT STORAGE SYSTEM

1.1 Information Storage 1.1.1 Data 1.1.2 Types of Data 1.1.3 Big Data 1.1.3.1 Data Science 1.1. 4 Information 1.1. 5 Storage 1.2 Evolution of Storage Architecture 1.2.1 Server Centric Storage Architecture 1.2.2 Information Centric Architecture 1.3 Data Center Infrastructure 1.3.1 Core Elements of a Data Center 1.3.2 Key Characteristics for Data Center 1.3.3 Managing a Data Center 1.4 Virtualization and Cloud Computing 1.4.1 Virtualization 1.4.2 Cloud Computing 1.5 Data Center Environment 1.5.1 Application 1.5.2 DBMS 1.5.3 Host 1.5.3.1 Operating System (OS) 1.5.3.1.1 Memory Virtualization 1.5.3.2 Device Driver 1.5.3.3 Logical Volume Manager (LVM) 1.5.3.4 File System 1.5.3.5 Compute Virtualization 1.5.4 Connectivity 1.5.4.1 Physical Components 1.5.4.2 Interface Protocols 1.5.4. 2 .1 IDE/ATA 1.5.4. 2 .2 SCSI

5 .4. 2 .3 Fibre Channel 1.5.4. 2 .4 IP 1.5.5 Storage
6 RAID Implementation Methods
6 .1 Software RAID
6 .2 Hardware RAID
7 RAID Array Components
8 RAID Techniques
8 .1 Striping
8 .2 Mirroring
8 .3 Parity
9 RAID Levels
9 .1 RAID- 0
9 .2 RAID- 1
9 .3 Nested-RAID

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1. 9 .4 RAID- 3

1. 9 .5 RAID- 4

1. 9 .6 RAID- 5

1. 9 .7 RAID- 6

10 RAID Impact on Disk Performance
1. 10 .1 Application IOPS and RAID Implementations
11 RAID Comparison
12 Components of an Intelligent Storage System
1. 12 .1 Front End
2. 12 .2 Cache 1.1 2 .2.1 Structure of Cache 1.12.2.2 Read Operation with Cache 1.12.2.3 Write Operation with Cache 1.1 2 .2.4 Cache Implementation 1.1 2 .2.5 Cache Management 1.12.2.6 Cache Data Protection
3. 12 .3 Back End
4. 12 .4 Physical Disk
13 Storage Provisioning 1.1 3 .1 Traditional Storage Provisioning 1.1 3 .1.1 Logical Unit (LUN)
1. 13 .2 Virtual Storage Provisioning
14 Types of Intelligent Storage System 1.14.1 High End Storage System
1. 14 .2 Midrange Storage System

VTUNOTESBYSRI

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION STORAGE

1.1 Information Storage

Companies use data to derive information that is critical to their day-to-day operations.
Storage is a repository that is used to store and retrieve the digital-data. 1.1.1 Data
Data is a collection of raw facts from which conclusions may be drawn.
Example: → Handwritten-letters → Printed book → Photograph → Movie on video-tape
The data can be generated using a computer and stored in strings of 0s and 1s (Figure 1- 1 ).
Data in 0s/1s form is called digital-data.
Digital-data is accessible by the user only after it is processed by a computer. Figure 1- 1 : Digital data
The factors contributing to the growth of digital-data are: 1 ) Increase in Data Processing Capabilities  Modern computers provide a significant increase in data-processing capabilities.  This allows conversion of various types of data (like book, photo or video) into digital-formats. 2 ) Lower Cost of Digital Storage  With the advancement in technology, the cost of storage-devices have decreased.  This cost-benefit has increased the rate at which data is being generated and stored. 3 ) Affordable and Faster Communication Technology  Nowadays, rate of sharing digital-data is much faster than traditional approaches (e.g. postal)  For example, i) A handwritten-letter may take a week to reach its destination. ii) On the other hand, an email message may take a few seconds to reach its destination. 4) Increase of Smart Devices and Applications  Smartphones, tablets and smart applications have contributed to the generation of digital-content

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.1.2 Types of Data

Data can be classified as structured or unstructured based on how it is stored & managed(Figure 1- 2 )
Structured data is organized in table format. Therefore, applications can query and retrieve the data efficiently.
Structured data is stored using a DBMS. (Table contains rows and columns).
Unstructured data cannot be organized in table format. Therefore, applications find it difficult to query and retrieve the data.
For example, customer contacts may be stored in various forms such as → Sticky notes → email messages → Business cards Figure 1- 2 : Types of data 1.1.3 Big Data
It refers to data-sets whose sizes are beyond the capability of commonly used software tools.
The software tools are used to store, manage, and process data within acceptable time limits.
Big-data includes both structured- and unstructured-data.
The data is generated by different sources such as → business application → web pages → videos → images → e-mails → social media
These data-sets require real-time capture or updates for → analysis → predictive modeling and → decision making.
Significant opportunities exist to extract value from big data.

Devices that collect data from multiple locations and also generate new data about this data.
Data collectors who gather data from devices and users.
Data-aggregators that compile the collected data to extract meaningful information.
Data users & buyers who benefit from info collected & aggregated by others in the data value chain.

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.2 Evolution of Storage Architecture Figure 1- 3 : Evolution of storage architectures 1.2.1 Server Centric Storage Architecture

In earlier days, companies had a data-center consisting of
1. Centralized computers (mainframes) and
2. Information storage-devices (such as tape reels and disk packs)
Each department had their own servers and storage because of following reasons (Figure 1- 3 ): → evolution of open-systems → affordability of open-systems and → easy deployment of open-systems.
Disadvantages:
1. The storage was internal to the server. Hence, the storage cannot be shared with any other servers. 2 ) Each server had a limited storage-capacity.
2. Any administrative tasks resulted in unavailability of information. The administrative tasks can be maintenance of the server or increasing storage-capacity 4 ) The creation of departmental servers resulted in ' → unprotected, unmanaged, fragmented islands of information and → increased capital and operating expenses.
To overcome these challenges, storage evolved from → server-centric architecture to information-centric architecture. 1.2.2 Information Centric Architecture
Storage is managed centrally and independent of servers.
Storage is allocated to the servers “on-demand” from a shared-pool.
A shared-pool refers to a group of disks.
The shared-pool is used by multiple servers.
When a new server is deployed, storage-capacity is assigned from the shared-pool.
The capacity of shared-pool can be increased dynamically by → adding more disks without interrupting normal-operations.
Advantages:

Information management is easier and cost-effective.
Storage technology even today continues to evolve. This enables companies to consolidate & leverage their data to achieve highest return on info assets

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.3 Data Center Infrastructure

Data-center provides centralized data processing capabilities to companies. 1.3.1 Core Elements of a Data Center
Five core-elements of a data-center: 1 ) Application
An application is a program that provides the logic for computing-operations.
For example: Order-processing-application. Here, an Order-processing-application can be placed on a database. Then, the database can use OS-services to perform R/W-operations on storage. 2 ) Database
DBMS is a structured way to store data in logically organized tables that are interrelated.
Advantages:
1. Helps to optimize the storage and retrieval of data.
2. Controls the creation, maintenance and use of a database. 3 ) Server and OS
A computing-platform that runs 1) applications and 2) databases. 4 ) Network
A data-path that facilitates communication
1. between clients and servers or
2. between servers and storage. 5 ) Storage Array
A device that stores data permanently for future-use. Example: Figure 1- 4 shows an Order-processing application Step 1: A customer places an order through the AUI on the client-computer. Step 2: The client accesses the DBMS located on the server to provide order-related information. (Order-related information includes customer-name, address, payment-method & product-ordered). Step 3: The DBMS uses the server to write this data to the disks in the storage. Step 4: The storage-network → provides the communication-link between server and storage and → transports the write-command from server to storage Step 5: After receiving the write-command, the storage saves the data on disks. (AUI --> Application User Interface Disk --> hard disk).

VTUNOTESBYSRI^ Figure 1-^4 : Example of an order^ processing-application

1.3.3 Managing a Data Center

Managing a data-center involves many tasks.
Key management-tasks are: 1) Monitoring 2) Reporting and 3) Provisioning. 1) Monitoring is a process of continuous → collection of information and → review of the entire storage infrastructure (called as Information Storage System).
Following parameters are monitored: i) Security ii) Performance iii) Accessibility and iv) Capacity. 2 ) Reporting is done periodically on performance, capacity and utilization of the resources.
Reporting tasks help to → establish business-justifications and → establish chargeback of costs associated with operations of data-center. 3 ) Provisioning is process of providing h/w, s/w & other resources needed to run a data-center.
Main tasks are: i) Capacity Planning and ii) Resource Planning. i) Capacity Planning  It ensures that future needs of both user & application will be addressed in most cost-effective way ii) Resource Planning  It is the process of evaluating & identifying required resources such as → Personnel (employees) → Facility (site or plant) and → Technology (Artificial Intelligence, Deep Learning).

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.4 Virtualization and Cloud Computing 1.4.1 Virtualization

Virtualization is a technique of abstracting & making physical-resource appear as logical-resource.
The resource includes compute, storage and network.
Virtualization existed in the IT-industry for several years in different forms. Form- 1
Virtualization enables → pooling of resources and → providing an aggregated view of the resource capabilities.

Storage virtualization enables → pooling of multiple small storage-devices (say ten thousand 10GB) and → providing a single large storage-entity (100 0 0*10=10 0000 GB = 1 00 TB).
Compute-virtualization enables → pooling of multiple low-power servers (say one thousand 2.5GHz) and → providing a single high-power entity (1 000 *2. 5 =2 50 0GHz = 2.5THz). Form- 2

Virtualization also enables centralized management of pooled-resources.
Virtual-resources can be created from the pooled-resources.
For example, → virtual-disk of a given capacity(say 10GB) can be created from a storage-pool (100TB) → virtual-server with specific power (2.5GHz) can be created from a compute-pool (2.5THz)
Advantages:
1. Improves utilization of resources (like storage, CPU cycle).
2. Scalable  Storage-capacity can be added from pooled-resources w/o interrupting normal-operations.
3. Companies save the costs associated with acquisition of new resources.
4. Fewer resources means less-space and - energy (i.e. electricity). 1.4.2 Cloud Computing
Cloud-computing enables companies to use IT-resources as a service over the network. For example: CPU hours used Amount of data-transferred Gigabytes of data-stored
Advantages:
1. Provides highly scalable and flexible computing-environment.
2. Provides resources on-demand to the hosts.
3. Users can scale up or scale down the demand of resources with minimal management-effort.
4. Enables self-service requesting through a fully automated request-fulfillment process.
5. Enables consumption-based metering. .'. consumers pay only for resources they use. For example: Jio provides 11Rs plan for 400MB
6. Usually built upon virtualized data-centers, which provide resource-pooling. .

VTUNOTESBYSRI

A host consists of
1. CPU
2. Memory
3. I/O devices
4. Software. The software includes i) OS ii) Device-drivers iii) Logical volume manager (LVM) iv) File-system
The software can be installed individually or may be part of the OS. 1.5.3.1 Operating System (OS)
An OS is a program that acts as an intermediary between → application and → hardware-components.
The OS controls all aspects of the computing-environment.
Data-access is one of the main service provided by OS to the application.
Tasks of OS:
1. Monitor and respond to user actions and the environment.
2. Organize and control hardware-components.
3. Manage the allocation of hardware-resource (simply the resource).
4. Provide security for the access and usage of all managed resources.
5. Perform storage-management tasks.
6. Manage components such as file-system, LVM & device drivers. 1.5. 3 .1.1 Memory Virtualization
Memory-virtualization is used to virtualize the physical-memory (RAM) of a host.
It creates a VM with an address-space larger than the physical-memory space present in computer.
The virtual-memory consists of → address-space of the physical-memory and → part of address-space of the disk-storage.
The entity that manages the virtual-memory is known as the virtual-memory manager (VMM).
The VMM → manages the virtual-to-physical-memory mapping and → fetches data from the disk-storage
The space used by the VMM on the disk is known as a swap-space.
A swap-space is a portion of the disk that appears like physical-memory to the OS.
The memory is divided into contiguous blocks of fixed-size pages. (VM --> virtual-memory) Paging  A paging → moves inactive-pages onto the swap-file and → brings inactive-pages back to the physical-memory when required.  Advantages: 1) Enables efficient use of the available physical-memory among different applications. ¤ Normally, the OS moves the least used pages into the swap-file. ¤ Thus, sufficient RAM is provided for processes that are more active.  Disadvantage: 1) Access to swap-file pages is slower than physical-memory pages. This is because → swap-file pages are allocated on the disk which is slower than physical-memory. 1.5.3. 2 Device Driver
It is a special software that permits the OS & hardware-component to interact with each other.
The hardware-component includes printer, a mouse and a hard-drive.
A device-driver enables the OS to → recognize the device and → use a standard interface to access and control devices.
Device-drivers are hardware-dependent and OS-specific.

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.5.3.3 Logical Volume Manager (LVM)

LVM is a software that → runs on the host and → manages the logical- and physical-storage.
It is an intermediate-layer between file-system and disk.
Advantages:
1. Provides optimized storage-access.
2. Simplifies storage-management. (PVID --> Physical-Volume IDentifier)
3. Hides details about disk and location of data on the disk.
4. Enables admins to change the storage-allocation without interrupting normal-operations.
5. Enables dynamic-extension of storage-capacity of the file-system.
The main components of LVM are: 1) Physical-volumes 2) Volume-groups and 3) Logical-volumes. 1) Physical-Volume (PV): refers to a disk connected to the host. 2) Volume-Group (VG): refers to a group of one or more PVs.  A unique PVID is assigned to each PV when it is initialized for use.  PVs can be added or removed from a volume-group dynamically.  PVs cannot be shared between different volume-groups.  The volume-group is handled as a single unit by the LVM.  Each PV is divided into equal-sized data-blocks called physical-extents. 3) Logical-Volume (LV): refers to a partition within a volume-group.  Logical-volumes vs. Volume-group i) LV can be thought of as a disk-partition. ii) Volume-group can be thought of as a disk.  The size of a LV is based on a multiple of the physical-extents.  The LV appears as a physical-device to the OS.  A LV is made up of non-contiguous physical-extents and may span over multiple PVs.  A file-system is created on a LV.  These LVs are then assigned to the application.  A LV can also be mirrored to improve data-availability. Figure 1 - 6 : Disk partitioning and concatenation
It can perform partitioning and concatenation (Figure 1 - 6 ). 1) Partitioning  A larger-capacity disk is partitioned into smaller-capacity virtual-disks.  Disk-partitioning is used to improve the utilization of disks. 2) Concatenation  Several smaller-capacity disks are aggregated to form a larger-capacity virtual-disk.  The larger-capacity virtual-disk is presented to the host as one big logical-volume.

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.5.3. 5 Compute Virtualization

Compute-virtualization is a technique of masking(or abstracting) the physical-hardware from the OS.
It can be used to create portable virtual-computers called as virtual-machines (VMs).
A VM appears like a host to the OS with its own CPU, memory and disk (Figure 1- 8 ). However, all VMs share the same underlying hardware in an isolated-manner
Compute-virtualization is done by virtualization-layer called as hypervisor.
The hypervisor → resides between the hardware and VMs. → provides resources such as CPU, memory and disk to all VMs.
Within a server, a large no. of VMs can be created based on the hardware-capabilities of the server.
Advantages:
1. Allows multiple-OS and applications to run concurrently on a single-computer.
2. Improves server-utilization.
3. Provides server-consolidation. Because of server-consolidation, companies can run their data-center with fewer servers Advantages of server-consolidation: i) Cuts down the cost for buying new servers. ii) Reduces operational-cost. iii) Saves floor- and rack-space used for data-center.
4. VM can be created in less time when compared to setting up the actual server.
5. VM can be restarted or upgraded without interrupting normal-operations.
6. VM can be moved from one computer to another w/o interrupting normal-operations. Figure 1 - 8 : Server virtualization

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.5.4 Connectivity

Connectivity refers to interconnection between host and peripheral-devices such as storage-devices
Components of connectivity is classified as: 1) Physical-Components and 2) Interface Protocols 1.5.4.1 Physical Components
Physical-components refers to hardware-components used for connection between host & storage.
Three components of connectivity are (Figure 1-9):
1. Host interface device
2. Port and
3. Cable

Host Interface Device is used to connect a host to other hosts and storage-devices.  Example: HBA (host bus adapter) NIC (network interface card).  HBA is an ASIC board that performs I/O-operations between host and storage.  Advantage:
HBA relieves the CPU from additional I/O-processing workload.  A host typically contains multiple HBAs. (ASIC --> application-specific integrated circuit).
Port refers to a physical connecting-point to which a device can be attached.  An HBA may contain one or more ports to connect the host to the storage-device.
Cable is used to connect hosts to internal/external devices using copper-wire or optical-fiber. Figure 1 - 9 : Physical components of connectivity 1.5.4.2 Interface Protocol

Interface-Protocol enables communication between host and storage.
Protocols are implemented using interface-devices (or controllers) at both source and destination.
The popular protocols are:
1. IDE/ATA (Integrated Device Electronics/Advanced Technology Attachment)
2. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)
3. FC (Fibre Channel) and
4. IP (Internet Protocol). 1.5.4.2.1 IDE/ATA
It is a standard interface for connecting storage-devices inside PCs (Personal Computers).
The storage-devices can be disk-drives or CD-ROM drives.
It supports parallel-transmission. Therefore, it is also known as Parallel ATA (PATA).
It includes a wide variety of standards.
1. Ultra DMA/133 ATA supports a throughput of 133 Mbps.
2. In a master-slave configuration, ATA supports 2 storage-devices per connector.
3. Serial-ATA (SATA) supports single bit serial-transmission..
4. SATA version 3.0 supports a data-transfer rate up to 6 Gbps.

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1.5.5 Storage

A storage-device uses magnetic-, optical-, or solid-state-media.
1. Disk, tape and diskette uses magnetic-media for storage.
2. CD/DVD uses optical-media for storage.
3. Flash drives uses solid-state-media for storage. 1 ) Tapes are a popular storage-device used for backup because of low cost.
Disadvantage: i) Data is stored on the tape linearly along the length of the tape.  Search and retrieval of data is done sequentially.  As a result, random data-access is slow and time consuming.  Hence, tapes is not suitable for applications that require real-time access to data. ii) In shared environment, data on tape cannot be accessed by multiple applications simultaneously.  Hence, tapes can be used by one application at a time. iii) On a tape-drive, R/W-head touches the tape-surface.  Hence, the tape degrades or wears out after repeated use. iv) More overhead is associated with managing the tape-media because of → storage and retrieval requirements of data from the tape. 2 ) Optical-disk is popular in small, single-user computing-environments.
It is used → to store data like photo, video → as a backup-medium on PCs.
Example: CD-RW Blu-ray disc and DVD.
It is used as a distribution medium for single applications such as games.
It is used as a means of transferring small amounts of data from one computer to another.
Advantages:
1. Provides the capability to write once and read many (WORM). For example: CD-ROM
2. Optical-disks, to some degree, guarantee that the content has not been altered.
Disadvantage:
1. Optical-disk has limited capacity and speed. Hence, it is not used as a business storage-solution
Collections of optical-discs in an array is called as a jukebox. The jukebox is used as a fixed-content storage-solution.

Disk-drives are used for storing and accessing data for performance-intensive, online applications.

Advantages:
1. Disks support rapid-access to random data-locations. Thus, data can be accessed quickly for a large no. of simultaneous applications.
2. Disks have a large capacity.
3. Disk-storage is configured with multiple-disks to provide → increased capacity and → enhanced performance.

Flash drives uses semiconductor media. (Flash drives --> Pen drive)

Advantages:

1) Provides high performance and

Provides low power-consumption.

VTUNOTESBYSRI

MODULE 1(CONT.): DATA PROTECTION - RAID

1.6 RAID Implementation Methods

RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disk.
RAID is the way of combining several independent small disks into a single large-size storage.
It appears to the OS as a single large-size disk.
It is used to increase performance and availability of data-storage.
There are two types of RAID implementation 1) hardware and 2) software.
RAID-controller is a specialized hardware which → performs all RAID-calculations and → presents disk-volumes to host.
Key functions of RAID-controllers:
1. Management and control of disk-aggregations.
2. Translation of I/O-requests between logical-disks and physical-disks.
3. Data-regeneration in case of disk-failures. 1.6.1 Software-RAID
It uses host-based software to provide RAID functions.
It is implemented at the OS-level.
It does not use a dedicated hardware-controller to manage the storage-device.
Advantage:
1. Provides cost- and simplicity-benefits when compared to hardware-RAID.
Disadvantages: 1) Decreased Performance  RAID affects overall system-performance.  This is due to the additional CPU-cycles required to perform RAID-calculations. 2) Supported Features  RAID does not support all RAID-levels. 3) OS compatibility  RAID is tied to the host-OS.  Hence, upgrades to RAID (or OS) should be validated for compatibility. 1.6.2 Hardware-RAID
It is implemented either on the host or on the storage-device.
It uses a dedicated hardware-controller to manage the storage-device. 1) Internal-Controller
A dedicated controller is installed on a host.
Disks are connected to the controller.
The controller interacts with the disks using PCI-bus.
Manufacturers integrate the controllers on motherboards.
Advantage:
1. Reduces the overall cost of the system.
Disadvantage:
1. Does not provide the flexibility required for high-end storage-devices. 2) External-controller
The external-controller is an array-based hardware-RAID.
It acts as an interface between host and disks.
It presents storage-volumes to host, which manage the drives using the supported protocol.

STORAGE Area network, Essays (university) of Indian History

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MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION STORAGE

DATA CENTER ENVIRONMENT

DATA PROTECTION - RAID

INTELLIGENT STORAGE SYSTEM

VTUNOTESBYSRI

1. 9 .4 RAID- 3

1. 9 .5 RAID- 4

1. 9 .6 RAID- 5

1. 9 .7 RAID- 6

VTUNOTESBYSRI

MODULE 1: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION STORAGE

VTUNOTESBYSRI

VTUNOTESBYSRI

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VTUNOTESBYSRI^ Figure 1-^4 : Example of an order^ processing-application

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VTUNOTESBYSRI

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VTUNOTESBYSRI

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1) Provides high performance and

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MODULE 1(CONT.): DATA PROTECTION - RAID

VTUNOTESBYSRI