Stressful Conversions, Lecture notes of Italian

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Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Stressful Conversions

an Analysis of Internal Derivation within the Compositional

Approach

Joseph Rhyne Andrew Byrd

[email protected] [email protected]

University of Kentucky

Saturday, October 25th, 2014

tomh 1 ´os→t´omh 1 os

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

Ablaut

e-grade: *ped- (PIE *p´ets ‘foot (gen.sg.)’ > Lat. ped- ‘foot’)

o-grade: *pod- (PIE *p´odm

˚

‘foot (acc.sg.)’ > Gk. ποδ- ‘foot’)

ø-grade: *bd- (PIE *bd- ‘foot’ > Av. fra-bd-@m ‘forefoot’)

¯e-grade: *p¯ed- (PIE *p´¯ed(-su) ‘foot (loc.)’ > OIr. ´ıs ‘beneath’)

¯o-grade: *p¯od- (PIE *p¯ots´ ‘foot (nom.sg.)’  Goth. fotus ‘foot’)

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

More restricted ablaut

Ablaut

‘foot’: *pod- (Eng. foot, Gk. ποδ-), *ped- (Lat. ped-)

‘mind’: *m´enti- (Skt. m´ati-), *mn

˚

t´ei

“

• (Eng. mind, Lat. ment-)

‘father’: *p@h 2 t´er- (Lat. pater), *p@h 2 tr-´es (Lat. patr-is)

‘earth’: *dh´e“gh¯om (Hitt. t¯ekan), *dh@“ghm´es (Hitt. taknaˇs)

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

PIE Athematic Nominal Classes: Erlangen School

Acrostatic Proterokinetic Hysterokinetic Amphikinetic Strong ´o ø ø ´e ø ø ø ´e ø ´e o ø Weak ´e ø ø ø ´e ø ø ø ´e ø ø ´e Strong *p´¯ots *m´entis *p@h 2 t´¯er *dh´e“gh¯om Weak *p´ets *mn ˚

t´ei “

s *p@h 2 tr´es *dh@“ghm´es

Different ablaut variants = Different paradigms = Morphology

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

Problems with Paradigmatic Approach (Kiparsky, forthcoming):

(^1) Isolated to athematic nouns (^2) Typologically strange – languages don’t work this way (^3) Descriptive in nature – not especially predictive nor falsifiable

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

Assumptions of the Compositional Approach (^1) Morphemes are underlyingly accented, unaccented, or trigger accents on other morphemes. (^2) Morphemes are either dominant or recessive. (^3) Only one accent surfaces in pronunciation – ictus. (^4) Certain rules must be assumed to delete and insert accents to result in a single ictus.

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

Assumptions of the Compositional Approach (^1) Morphemes are underlyingly accented, unaccented, or trigger accents on other morphemes:

Northern Bizkaian Basque (Gussenhoven 2004:170-84): Accented roots: arb´ola ‘tree’, l´eku ‘place’, m´ai ‘table’, b´este ‘other’ (minority) Unaccented roots: sagar ‘apple’, ama ‘mother’, itturri ‘fountain’, etxe ‘house’ (majority) Pre-accenting suffixes: -gas (instr.), -ak, -ata, -ara (all plural) Unaccented suffixes: -ra (all.)

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

Assumptions of the Compositional Approach (^2) Morphemes are either dominant or recessive:

Tokyo Japanese (Tsujimura 1989):

Root Rec. -te ‘gerundive’ Dom. (y)´oo ‘infrml. tentative’ ta´o ‘fall’ ta´o-re-te tao-re-y´oo na´o ‘mend’ na´o-t-te nao-r-´oo ´ok ‘get up’ ´ok-i-te ok-i-y´oo

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

Assumptions of the Compositional Approach (^3) Only one accent surfaces in pronunciation – ictus:

Northern Bizkaian Basque, Gernika dialect (Gussenhoven, ibid.): sagar ‘apple’ - ´ata (pl.)- ´tik (abl.) → sag´arretatik l´eku ‘place’ - ´ata (pl.) - ra (all.) → l´ekuetara l´eku ‘place’ - ra (all.) → l´ekura

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

Assumptions of the Compositional Approach (^4) Certain rules must be assumed to delete and insert accents to result in a single ictus

(1) Oxytone Rule σ → ´σ / [... σ]Stem Infl A final accent is assigned to all inflected polysyllabic stems.

Oxytone Accent Assignment Skt. vr ˚

t-´¯a ‘turning’ Skt. tri-v´r ˚

t-¯a ‘threefold’

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

(2) Vowel Syncope (Final) */e, o/ → ø / M.´ Short mid vowels are deleted before accented morphemes.

Zero Grade */ph 2 ter-s/ → *p@h 2 t´¯er (nom.sg.) /ph 2 ter-´es/ →p@h 2 tr´es (gen.sg.)

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

General Overview

(3) Basic Accentuation Principle (BAP): (^1) The leftmost accented syllable of a domain retains the accent, all other accents are deleted. (^2) If there is no accented syllable in the word, place the ictus on the leftmost syllable.

All words may have only one ictus. PIE */u “

rt-m/ > Skt. v´r ˚

tam

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Accent & Ablaut Derivations: ‘father’ vs. ‘brother’

*/ph 2 ter-/ Inflection p@h 2 ter-m ˚

p@h 2 ter-´eh 1 p@h 2 ter-s´u Oxytone p@h 2 t´er-m ˚

p@h 2 t´er-´eh 1 p@h 2 t´er-s´u ø-grade — p@h 2 tr-´eh 1 p@h 2 t´r ˚

-s´u BAP — — p@h 2 t´r ˚

-su (Sanskrit pit´ar-am pitr´¯a pit´r ˚

su)

← Unaccented Root

Accented Root →

*/bhr´eh 2 ter-/ Inflection bhr´ah 2 ter-m ˚ bhr´ah 2 ter-´eh 1 bhr´ah 2 ter-s´u Oxytone bhr´ah 2 t´er-m ˚

bhr´ah 2 t´er-´eh 1 bhr´ah 2 t´er-s´u ø-grade — bhr´ah 2 tr-´eh 1 bhr´ah 2 t´r ˚

-s´u BAP bhr´ah 2 ter-m ˚ bhr´ah 2 tr-eh 1 bhr´ah 2 ter-s´u (Sanskrit bhr´¯atar-am bhr´¯atr-¯a bhr¯atr´ ˚ -s ˙ u )

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Therefore...

Compositional Approach = Typologically Grounded Hypothesis

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Internal Derivation

“Internal derivation refers to zero derivation, marked only by a change in accent/ablaut type” (Kiparsky, forthcoming)

Thematic: *tomh 1 ´os ‘cutting’ → *t´omh 1 os ‘a cut’ Acro → Amphi: *u “

´odr ˚

→ *u “

ed-´or- ‘water (collective)’ Hystero → Amphi: *p@h 2 t´er- → *h 1 su-p@h 2 t´or- ‘well-bred’ Protero → Hystero: *bhr´ah 2 ter- → *n ˚

-bhrah 2 t´er- ‘brotherless’

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Internal Derivation

Kiparsky (ibid.) assumes that a “dominant unaccented null suffix erases the inherent accent of its barytone stem”.

Thus, internal derivation triggered by a silent morpheme: *tomh 1 -´o-s ‘cutting’ → tomh 1 o-∅-s →t´omh 1 os ‘a cut’ *u “

´odr ˚

‘water’ → *u “

od-(o)r-∅ → *u “

ed-´or- ‘water (coll.)’ *p@h 2 t´er- → *p@h 2 ter-∅ → *h 1 su-p@h 2 t´or- ‘well-bred’ *bhr´ah 2 ter- → *bhrah 2 ter-∅ → *n ˚

-bhrah 2 t´er- ‘brotherless’

Why the accentual changes? The Oxytone Rule and BAP generate the reconstructable patterns.

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Internal Derivation

But is such a silent morpheme learnable? How to determine learnability: Metric #1: experimental Indo-European Metric #2: phenomenon paralleled in other languages? It is true that “its accent and dominance features as well as the zero grade rule ablaut rule formulated here are typologically well supported” (Kiparsky, ibid.) But is the same true of a dominant zero morpheme?

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Internal Derivation

(^1) Internal Derivation as Conversion :

*u “

´odr ˚

→ *u “

´ed-or- Eng. convert (v.) ∼ convert (n.) (^2) Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation :

*/u “

´od-or/ → *[u “

od-or] → *u “

´ed-or- K´afka ["khAf.k@] + -´esque → Kafka´esque [khAf.k@."PEsk] (^3) Internal Derivation as Morphological : *u “

´odr ˚

→ *u “

´ed-or- Eng. man (sg.) ∼ men (pl.)

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Conversion: an Overview

What is conversion? Conversion is a derivational process that either links lexemes or creates new ones of the same form. It is a morphological technique that is parallel to affixation (Bauer and Valera 2005).

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Conversion: an Overview

Types of Conversion One may identify three different types of conversion: root-, stem-, and word-based. Languages can maintain a distinction between all three, as in Italian: Root-based Conversion in Italian: rit´ard-o/i ‘I/you delay’ → rit´ard-o.MASC ‘delay’ Stem-based Conversion in Italian: revoc-a-re ‘to revoke’ → la revoc-a ‘revocation’ Word-based Conversion in Italian: sapere ‘to know’ → il saper-e, i saper-i ‘knowledge’

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Conversion: an Overview

Types of Conversion Isolating languages, such as French and English, have much more word-based conversion, whereas strongly inflecting languages have more root- and stem-based conversion. Fr. vivre (V) ‘to live’ → le vivre (N) ‘food stuff’ (dominant plural) Contrast with: Lat. stem-based fin-i-s ‘end’ → fin-i-re ‘to end’ root-based: duc-e-re ’to lead’ → dux, duc-is ’leader’

PIE?

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Conversion: an Overview

Types of Conversion There are numerous examples throughout English, as it is a very productive method of deriving nouns from verbs and vice versa a hammer (n.) → to hammer (v.) to conv´ert (v.) → a c´onvert (n.)

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Conversion: Semantic Parallels

Types of Conversion In general, most instances of conversion/zero-derivation involve a change in word-class (although it could be a secondary word-class), most commonly N → V and V → N, a process very different from internal derivation.

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Conversion: Semantic Parallels

The changes in secondary word-class are much closer to what we see semantically in internal derivation in PIE. Instances of a conversion to a secondary word-class much rarer: Mac. Zdravo e da se jade po edno jabolko na den. ‘It is healthy to eat one apple a day’ → Imame sok od jabolko. ‘We have apple juice (lit. ‘juice of apple’).’ jabolko: from countable singular to uncountable plural Cf. singular → collective: *u “

´odr ˚

→ *u “

ed´¯or

Internal Derivation as Conversion Internal Derivation as Deaccentuation Internal Derivation as Morphology References

Conversion: Semantic Parallels

Semantic Conversions in PIE There are a number of different semantic functions of internal derivation, including a shift to the collective and going from a more abstract to a more concrete noun, as well as going from a noun to an adjective and vice versa. (^1) PIE *u “

´odr ˚

‘water’ → *u “

´ed¯or ‘water (collective)’ (^2) Skt. br´ahman (nt.) ‘sacred formulation’ → brahm´an (m.) ‘priest’ (^3) Gk. ψε˜υδος ‘lie’ → ψευδής ‘liar’ (^4) Gk. τομ´ος ‘cutting’ → τ´ομος ‘cut’ (^5) Ved. y´a´sas- ‘splendor’ → ya´s´as- ‘splendid’