Understanding Computer Organization and Architecture: Structure, Functions, Memory, Slides of Computer Architecture and Organization

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Computer Organization and

Architecture

Structure and Functions Overview

Architecture & Organization
Architecture is those attributes visible to theprogrammer ■ Instruction set, number of bits used for datarepresentation, I/O mechanisms, addressingtechniques. ■ e.g. Is there a multiply instruction?
Organization is how features areimplemented ■ Control signals, interfaces, memory technology. ■ e.g. Is there a hardware multiply unit or is it doneby repeated addition?

Structure & Function

^ Structure is the way in which componentsrelate to each other
^ Function is the operation of individualcomponents as part of the structure

Function

^ All computer functions are:^ ■^ Data processing^ ■^ Data storage^ ■^ Data movement^ ■^ Control

©Javaid Khurshid

Operations (a) Data movement

©Javaid Khurshid

Operations (b) Storage

Operation (d)Processing fromstorage to I/O

Structure - Top Level Computer

MainMemorySystemsInterconnectionInputOutput

Peripherals Communicationlines

ComputerCentralProcessingUnit

Structure - The Control Unit CPU

SequencingLogin Control UnitRegisters andDecodersControlMemory ALU^ ControlInternalUnitBus Registers

Control Unit

Instruction Set Architecture

& Design^ Chapter 2

AddressData (Byte)(hex)…^10101010 0002A^01010101 0002B^11110000 0002C^00001111 …

Data(High Byte) 10101010010101011111000000001111

Data(Low Byte) Address(hex)… 0002A0002B0002C…

The memory in your system is 1 Giga Byte

= 1,024 Mega Byte= 1,048,576 Kilo Bytes= 1,073,741,824 Bytes Word Question:The accessible size of main memory for different processors?

Memory Address

^ In order to be able to move a word in and out of thememory, a distinct address has to be assigned toeach word.
^ It will be used to determine the location in thememory in which a given word is to be stored.

This

is called a memory write operation

^ Similarly, the address will be used to determine thememory location from which a word is to beretrieved from the memory.

This is called a memory read operation.
The number of bits,

l , needed to distinctly address M words in a memory is given by:

Memory Operation

^ During a memory write operation a word isstored into a memory location whoseaddress is specified.
^ During a memory read operation a word isread from a memory location whose addressis specified.
^ Typically, memory read and memory writeoperations are performed by the centralprocessing unit (CPU).

Memory Write Operation
Three basic steps are needed in order for the CPUto perform a write operation into a specifiedmemory location: ■ The word to be stored into the memory location is firstloaded by the CPU into a specified register, called the memory data register

( MDR ). ■^ The address of the location into which the word is to bestored is loaded by the CPU into a specified register,called the^

memory address register

( MAR ).

■^ A signal, called

write,^ is issued by the CPU indicating that the word stored in the MDR is to be stored in the memorylocation whose address in loaded in the MAR.