Stages & GRADING:
Stages: determines the size of the tumor, the existence of local invasion, lymph node involvement, and
distant metastasis.
o0—cancer is in situ; malignant cells confined
oI, II, and III—spread to lymph nodes and/or organs
oIV—
Grading:
odifferentiated (closely resemble tissue of origin)
oundifferentiated (little resemblance of tissue to origin)
ograded from I to IV
In metastatic disease, the bone, usually the hips, spine, ribs, skull, or pelvis, is the most common site of spread.
Other sites of metastasis include the lungs, liver, pleura, and brain.
Types of prevention
oSecondary prevention, comprising diagnostic tests (e.g. mammography, ultrasonography,
magnetic resonance imaging, breast self-examination, as well as modern and more precise imaging
methods) help the early detection of tumors or lesions predisposing to tumors.
ABCD method` when assessing use this method
A ~ "asymmetry,"
B ~ "border irregularity,"
C ~ "color variation,"
D ~ "diameter."
Cancer Screening is most important~ why? CAUTION~ Know what letters stand for
Change in bowel
A non-healing sore
Unusual bleeding
Thickening lump
Indigestion
Obvious change in size of wart or mole
Nagging cough
Xerostomia side effect of radiation therapy
Mouth care!!! avoid dry, bulky, and irritating foods and fluids, as well as alcohol and tobacco. The
patient is also encouraged to increase intake of fluids (when not contraindicated) and to use a humidifier
while sleeping. The use of synthetic saliva, chewing gum, or a saliva production stimulant such as
pilocarpine may be helpful
Stages
0—cancer is in situ; malignant cells confined
I, II, and III—spread to lymph nodes and/or organs
IV—metastasized to other organs
Grading:
differentiated (closely resemble tissue of origin)
undifferentiated (little resemblance of tissue to origin)
graded from I to IV
TNM stages~ You will need to review the numbers..
