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study notes for nervous, Study notes of Physiology

University of Cebu (UC)Physiology

1st year nursing, study notes for nervous system in anatomy and physiology

Typology: Study notes

2023/2024

Uploaded on 10/22/2024

bridgett-melencion
bridgett-melencion 🇵🇭

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bg1
NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Master control and communication system
of the body
- it master control to make sure all functions
are being done with different system of the
body
PROCESS
STIMULI
- sensory receptors to monitor changes
occurring both inside and outside of the
body
SENSORY INPUT
- gathered information
INTEGRATION
-processes and interprets the sensory input
and decides what should be done at each
moment
MOTOR OUTPUT
-causes a response, or effect, by activating
muscles or glands
2 PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)
- Consists of brain (command center) and
spinal cord
- act as the integrating and command centers
- Interpret incoming sensory information and
issue instructors
PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
- Includes all parts of nervous system outside
CNS
- Extend from spinal cord and brain
- SPINAL NERVES
- Carry impulses to and from spinal
cord
- CRANIAL NERVES
- Carry impulses to and from the
brain
FUNCTION: serve as communication lines, sensory
receptors, glands or muscles
FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION
SENSORY DIVISION
- Or afferent division
- to go toward
- Away from the body
- convey impulses to the central nervous
system from sensory receptors
MOTOR DIVISION
- Or efferent division
- exits the CNS
- carries impulses from the CNS to effector
organs, the muscles and glands.
2 SUBDIVISION OF MOTOR DIVISION
1. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- Consciously control
- Voluntary
- Aware
- Uses skeletal muscle
- ex. managpa
2. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- No conscious control
- Involuntary
- Kusa; smooth, cardiac muscle and gland
- ex. saka ang bp
2 PARTS
- SYMPATHETIC
- Fight control action
- Fight or flight of our actions
- PARASYMPATHETIC
- More on relaxation
- Rest
- Digestion
AFFERENT
- away from the body
- body to brain
EFFERENT
- padong sa body
- brain to body
TWO PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CELLS
1. supporting cells (can multiply)
2. neurons (cannot multiply)
NEUROGLIA
- Supporting cells
- support CNS
- “Lumped together”
- Also called glial cells or glia
- support, insulate, and protect the delicate
neurons
- “nerve glue”
- resemble
- unable to connect nerve
- cannot divide
SPECIAL FUNCTION OF NEUROGLIA
1. ASTROCYTES
- Star shaped cells
- help protect the neurons from
harmful substances
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NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • Master control and communication system of the body
  • it master control to make sure all functions are being done with different system of the body PROCESS STIMULI
  • sensory receptors to monitor changes occurring both inside and outside of the body SENSORY INPUT
  • gathered information INTEGRATION
  • processes and interprets the sensory input and decides what should be done at each moment MOTOR OUTPUT
  • causes a response , or effect , by activating muscles or glands

2 PARTS OF NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS)

  • Consists of brain (command center) and spinal cord
  • act as the integrating and command centers
  • Interpret incoming sensory information and issue instructors PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
  • Includes all parts of nervous system outside CNS
  • Extend from spinal cord and brain - SPINAL NERVES
    • Carry impulses to and from spinal cord - CRANIAL NERVES
    • Carry impulses to and from the brain FUNCTION: serve as communication lines, sensory receptors, glands or muscles FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION SENSORY DIVISION
  • Or afferent division
  • to go toward
  • Away from the body
  • convey impulses to the central nervous system from sensory receptors MOTOR DIVISION
  • Or efferent division
  • exits the CNS
  • carries impulses from the CNS to effector organs, the muscles and glands. **2 SUBDIVISION OF MOTOR DIVISION
  1. SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM**
  • Consciously control
  • Voluntary
  • Aware
  • Uses skeletal muscle
  • ex. managpa

2. AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

  • No conscious control
  • Involuntary
  • Kusa; smooth, cardiac muscle and gland
  • ex. saka ang bp **2 PARTS
  • SYMPATHETIC**
  • Fight control action
  • Fight or flight of our actions - PARASYMPATHETIC
  • More on relaxation
  • Rest
  • Digestion AFFERENT
  • away from the body
  • body to brain EFFERENT
  • padong sa body
  • brain to body TWO PRINCIPAL TYPES OF CELLS
  1. supporting cells (can multiply)
  2. neurons (cannot multiply) NEUROGLIA
  • Supporting cells
  • support CNS
  • “Lumped together”
  • Also called glial cells or glia
  • support, insulate, and protect the delicate neurons
  • “nerve glue”
  • resemble
  • unable to connect nerve
  • cannot divide **SPECIAL FUNCTION OF NEUROGLIA
  1. ASTROCYTES**
  • Star shaped cells
  • help protect the neurons from harmful substances

2. MICROGLIA

  • Spiderlike phagocytes
  • monitor health of nearby neurons and dispose of debris 3. EPENDYMAL CELLS
  • Line the central cavities of the brain and spinal cord
  • Participate in the production of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
  • Cilia helps to circulate the cerebrospinal fluid
  • assist in lining fluid 4. OLIGODENDROCYTES
  • produce myelin sheaths
  • Wrap their flat extensions
  • wrap around nerve fibers on the central nervous system
  • Producing fatty insulating covering called **MYELIN SHEATHS SUPPORTING CELLS IN PNS
  1. SCHWANN CELLS**
  • form the myelin sheaths around nerve fibers in the PNS 2. SATELLITE CELLS
  • protective, cushioning cells for PNS NEURONS
  • Called nerve cells
  • Highly specialized to transmit message (nerve impulses)
  • differ structurally from one another
  • Neurons may have hundreds of branching dendrites
  • Resemble
  • Enable to conduct impulse
  • Billions of neuron
  • It could divide **MAJOR REGION OF ALL NEURONS
  1. CELL BODY**
  • Metabolic center of the neuron
  • Transparent nucleus

2. PROCESS

  • Or fibers
  • extend from cell body - DENDRITES
  • Messages toward cell body - AXONS
  • Conduct them away from the cell body - SYNAPTIC CLEFT
  • Axon terminal is separated from the next neuron or its target by a tiny gap - SYNAPSE
  • impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another
  • syn = to clasp or join MYELIN SHEATHS
  • Cover axon
  • producing fatty insulating coverings
  • Help up nerve impulse in your axon
  • MYELIN
  • Whitish, fatty material
  • Protects and insulates the fibers
  • speed of nerve impulse transmission - SCHWANN CELLS
  • axons outside the CNS are myelinated

NEURILEMMA

  • part of the Schwann cell, external to the myelin sheath NODES OF RANVIER
  • myelin sheath is formed by many individual Schwann cells, it has gaps, or indentations FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION ● SENSORY NEURONS ( afferent neurons that means “to go toward”) ● MOTOR NEURONS MULTIPOLAR NEURON
  • Lots/several of dendrites and axons BIPOLAR NEURON
  • one axon and one dendrite UNIPOLAR NEURON
  • single process emerging 2 MAJOR FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES ● IRRITABILITY ○ ability to respond to a stimulus by producing a nerve impulse ● CONDUCTIVITY ○ ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles, or glands. PHYSIOLOGY: REFLEXES REFLEXES
  • are rapid, predictable, and involuntary responses to stimuli - REFLEX ARCS
  • Reflexes occur over neural pathways 2 TYPES OF REFLEXES SOMATIC REFLEXES
  • somatic or autonomic

BRAIN STEM

- Size of the thumb

  • Reflects center
  • providing a pathway for ascending and descending tracts
  • Structures are the midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata - MIDBRAIN
    • reflex centers involved with vision and hearing
    • small part of the brain stem
    • extends from the mammillary bodies to the pons inferiorly - PONS
    • rounded structure that protrudes just below the midbrain
    • control of breathing - MEDULLA OBLONGATA
    • Most important fiber
    • Most inferior part of brain stem
    • merges into the spinal cord
    • control heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, swallowing, and vomiting RETICULAR FORMATION
  • brain stem is a diffuse mass of gray matter
  • involved in motor control of the visceral organs RETICULAR ACTIVATING SYSTEM (RAS)
  • awake/sleep cycle
  • filter for the flood of sensory CEREBELLUM - The large, cauliflower-like
  • Balance and body movement
  • outer cortex made up of gray matter and an inner region of white matter
  • provides the precise timing for skeletal muscle activity
  • body movements are smooth and coordinated
  • Fibers reach the cerebellum from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear, the eye, the proprioceptors of the skeletal muscles and tendons, and many other areas
  • automatic pilot, continuously comparing the brain’s “intentions”
  • Provides “instructions” to cerebral motor cortex
  • Responsible for proper balance and posture
  • Processes information from cerebral motor cortex MENINGES - Dura mater
  • three connective tissue membranes covering and protecting the CNS structures - DURA MATER - outermost layer
  • “tough or hard mother,” - PERIOSTEAL LAYER
  • Brain
  • inner surface of the skull
  • forming the periosteum
  • MENINGEAL LAYER - forms the outermost covering of the Brain ARACHNOID MATER
  • middle meningeal layer is the weblike SUBARACHNOID SPACE
  • threadlike extensions span
  • to attach it to the innermost membrane PIA MATER
  • (“gentle mother”)
  • delicate pia mater clings tightly to the surface of the brain and spinal cord, following every fold ARACHNOID GRANULATIONS
  • cerebrospinal fluid is absorbed into the venous blood

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)

- Cushions the brain

  • watery “broth” with components similar to blood plasma
  • it contains less protein and more vitamin C
  • brain and spinal cord forms a watery cushion that protects the fragile nervous tissue from blows FLOW OF CSF CIRCULATION
  1. CSF is produced by the choroid plexus of each ventricle
  2. CSF flows through the ventricles and into the subarachnoid space via the median and lateral apertures. Some CSF flows through the central canal of the spinal cord
  3. CSF flows through the subarachnoid space
  4. CSF is absorbed into the dural venous sinuses via the arachnoid granulations. BLOOD BRAIN BARRIER
  • composed of the least permeable capillaries in the whole body
  • Wastes, such as urea, toxins, proteins, and most drugs, are prevented from entering brain tissue.

CONCUSSION

  • brain injury is slight
  • victim may be dizzy, “see stars,” or lose consciousness briefly
  • typically little permanent brain damage occurs CONTUSION
  • marked tissue destruction. If the cerebral cortex is injured
  • result in a coma CEREBROVASCULAR ACCIDENTS (CVAs)
  • Strokes
  • Lisud maayo
  • blood circulation to a brain area is blocked
  • as by a blood clot or a ruptured blood vessel, and vital brain tissue dies HEMIPLEGIA
  • one-sided paralysis APHASIAS
  • damage to the left cerebral hemisphere, where the language areas are located
  • Damage to speech center in left hemispheres TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA)
  • Temporary brain ischemia, or restricted blood flow
  • Maulian
  • Temporary brain ischemia, or restricted blood flow,
  • symptoms such as numbness, temporary paralysis, and impaired speech NERVE
  • is a bundle of neuron fibers found outside the CNS.
  • protective connective tissue coverings - ENDONEURIUM
  • fiber is surrounded by a delicate connective tissue sheath - PERINEURIUM
  • Groups of fibers are bound by a coarser connective tissue wrapping - FASCICLES
  • to form fiber bundles
  • all the fascicles are bound together CRANIAL NERVES
  • 12 pairs
  • cranial nerve to be remembered: “ O h, o h, o h, t o t ouch a nd f eel v ery g ood v elvet a t h ome.” SPINAL NERVES
  • 31 pairs of human
  • formed by the joining of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
  • is the motor subdivision of the PNS
  • controls body activities automatically DEVELOPMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
  • nervous system forms during the first month of embryonic development
  • maternal infection early in pregnancy can have extremely harmful effects on the fetal nervous system.
  • German measles (rubella) ORTHOSTATIC HYPOTENSION
  • low blood pressure resulting from changes in body position as described ARTERIOSCLEROSIS
  • decreased elasticity of the arteries
  • SENILITY
  • decline of oxygen due to the aging process can lead to senility
  • characterized by forgetfulness, irritability, difficulty in concentrating and thinking clearly, and confusion