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Summarise for biochemistry, Summaries of Medicine

Hebron UniversityMedicine
Prof. Yaqoub Daher

This is a good note and a good summary for this chapter that talking about PH and a water for the biochemistry in Hebron University By student and the doctors and you will not find the best from this summary We have reviewed and filtered all the information and it is of utmost importance especially for students specializing in the field of medicine, laboratories and pharmacy.

Typology: Summaries

2021/2022

Uploaded on 09/23/2024

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Hebron University
Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences
Medical Parasitology Course /Summer, 2024
Assignment # 1
Instructor: Msc.Firas H. Almahmoud
Student Name & I.D:_Ansam Ewidat / 22210333___________________________
.
Part I
Answer the following questions:
1. How would parasites evade the immune system in humans? (2 marks)
Parasites evade the human immune system through several mechanisms:
1.(Antigenic Variation:)Parasites like Trypanosoma brucei and Plasmodium spp. change their surface
proteins to avoid immune detection.
2.(Immune Suppression:) Plasmodium falciparum suppresses the host's immune system by modulating
cytokine production. Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni also suppress immune responses.
3.(Molecular Mimicry:) Schistosoma mansoni coats itself with host proteins, making it difficult for the
immune system to recognize it as a foreign invader.
4.(Hiding within Host Cells:) Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania reside within host cells, thus avoiding
immune detection.
5.(Encystment:)Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi form cysts to protect themselves from the
immune system.
6.(Resistance to Phagocytosis:) Leishmania resists being engulfed and destroyed by immune cells.
Leishmania parasites have surface glycoproteins, such as lipophosphoglycans, which inhibit the
activation and function of macrophages. These glycoproteins can interfere with the recognition and
binding of the parasite to phagocytic receptors on macrophages.
7.(Masking of Antigens:) Schistosomes mask their surface antigens to evade immune recognition.
8.(Interference by Polyclonal Activation:) Trypanosomes can interfere with the host's immune response by
causing non-specific activation of immune cells.
.
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Hebron University Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences Medical Parasitology Course /Summer, 2024 Assignment # 1 Instructor : Msc.Firas H. Almahmoud Student Name & I.D :_Ansam Ewidat / 22210333___________________________ .

Part I

Answer the following questions:

1. How would parasites evade the immune system in humans? (2 marks) Parasites evade the human immune system through several mechanisms:

  1. Antigenic Variation: Parasites like Trypanosoma brucei and Plasmodium spp. change their surface proteins to avoid immune detection.
  2. Immune Suppression: Plasmodium falciparum suppresses the host's immune system by modulating cytokine production. Trichinella spiralis and Schistosoma mansoni also suppress immune responses.
  3. Molecular Mimicry: Schistosoma mansoni coats itself with host proteins, making it difficult for the immune system to recognize it as a foreign invader.
  4. Hiding within Host Cells: Toxoplasma gondii and Leishmania reside within host cells, thus avoiding immune detection.
  5. Encystment: Toxoplasma gondii and Trypanosoma cruzi form cysts to protect themselves from the immune system.
  6. Resistance to Phagocytosis: Leishmania resists being engulfed and destroyed by immune cells.  Leishmania parasites have surface glycoproteins, such as lipophosphoglycans, which inhibit the activation and function of macrophages. These glycoproteins can interfere with the recognition and binding of the parasite to phagocytic receptors on macrophages.
  7. Masking of Antigens: Schistosomes mask their surface antigens to evade immune recognition.
  8. Interference by Polyclonal Activation: Trypanosomes can interfere with the host's immune response by causing non-specific activation of immune cells. .

The reference: 1-National Library of Medicine. (n.d.). How parasites evade the immune system. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2666695/ 2- Ck_Jayaram_Paniker,_Sougata_Ghosh_Paniker's_textbook_of_medical ,Page 5.

2. What is the fate of hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus in infected human? (2 marks) The fate of a hydatid cyst of Echinococcus granulosus in an infected human typically involves the formation of liquid-filled cysts in organs such as the liver or lungs. If left untreated, these cysts can grow and cause serious health complications by interfering with the function of affected organs. The cysts may also rupture, leading to secondary echinococcosis or secondary hydatid cyst in another organs--the human is the dead end -- no development to adult worm.

  • And maybe the classification of Hydatid cyst is occure →It does not cause any pathogenicity.
  1. Does Babesia infection cause disseminated intravascular coagulation disorders in humans, if yes, explain how? (1 Mark) Yes, Babesia infection can cause disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in humans, in acute babesiosis. Babesia microti, transmitted by ticks, infects red blood cells, leading to their lysis and triggering a severe inflammatory response. This can result in DIC, characterized by widespread clotting and bleeding, prolonged PT and PTT, elevated D-dimer, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia, and excessive bleeding. Prompt medical attention is essential.

Part II

Case Study (5 marks) A 46-year-old homeless Indian male was found unconscious, he was transferred to the hospital, and emergency recovery was held. physical examination showed severe dehydration, general weakness, fever, and severe diarrhea. the medical history shows he is a sickle cell trait patient A Head CT scan revealed a cyst-like structure measured around 8 mm, without cerebral abscess. after further investigation, the neurology physician found this due to a parasitic infection. Laboratory tests show eosinophilia and electrolyte disturbance, Casoni`s test is negative, and T.gondii IgG & IgM are negative. the

''without cerebral abscess'' mean it does not E.histolytica -eosinophilia and electrolyte disturbance Q3. Identify the morphology in Figure A and Figure B (1 mark) Figure A : Balantidium coli cyst --- Figure B : Balantidium coli trophozoitei Q4. How did this patient get infected? (0.5 mark Balantidium coli : the cyst is the Infectious decision is acquired by host through ingestion of contaminated food or water Taenia solium :

  • autoinfection by egg in contaminated vegetable, food, and water.
    • Eggs are infective to human., cause cysticercosis (As diagnosed in the study case ) Good Luck 😊