Download SUMMARY NOTE FOR PHI 428 and more Study notes Physics in PDF only on Docsity!
Video presentation – each of you have role Animation – moving picture
Chapter 1: Intro to Multimedia
Ease of use:
- easy to use by end user 2)increase the user’s effectiveness
- Intuitive interface
- Obvious responses to icons
- Simple selection of control & navigation buttons: they look like what
- Immerse experience -An immersive experience is an illusory environment that completely surrounds you , that make user feel inside it -Applications takes over the computer screen
- Self-paced interaction and better retention
- Better understanding of the content
- better comprehend the material -multimedia computer based training (CBT)
- learn better & more easily wen information is presented in ways that stimulate several of the student s senses concurrently
- cost effectiveness -a costly printing value -in depth training manual -technical support
- More fun : software wizards: program that take you through series of prescribed steps to quickly accomplished a job -digital assistant: program that catch error or suggest better method Klau newspaper cutting bukan element multimedia, keyword dia ade lah digital. Multimedia = Combination of text, art, sound, animation & video. delivered to the user by electronic or digitally manipulated means. A multimedia project development requires creative, technical, organizational, and business skills.
interactive multimedia when a user is given the option of controlling the elements. Interactive multimedia when user can interact with the interactive multimedia. Interactive multimedia is called hypermedia when a user is provided a structure of linked elements for navigation. Multimedia developers develop multimedia projects. A multimedia project shipped to end users with or without instructions is called a multimedia title. Projects that are not interactive are called linear (e.g., PowerPoint slides and montage). Projects where users are given navigational control are called nonlinear and user-interactive (e.g. online quizzes, games or kiosks). Authoring tools are used to merge multimedia elements into a project. Business - Business applications for multimedia Business - Business applications for multimedia include presentations training, marketing, advertising, product demos, databases, catalogs, instant messaging, and networked communication. Such bar chart for sales report. The figure on the right shows a selection of instructional videos used for training emergency medicine specialists. Such online e-learning provides a cost-effective vehicle to learn clinical techniques outside of the hospital setting. Multimedia is a very effective presentation and sales tool that greatly increases viewers’ retention rates. Virtual reality (VR) -uses the basic multimedia elements of imagery, sound, and animation. -It requires terrific computing horsepower to be realistic. Public places - Multimedia will become available at stand-alone terminals or kiosks to provide information and help. Virtual reality (VR) (continued) In VR, cyberspace is made up of thousands of geometric objects plotted in three-dimensional space. The standards for transmitting VR in Virtual Reality Modeling Language (VRML) documents have been developed on the World Wide Web. VRML documents have the file extension .wrl. Copper wire , glass fiber & radio technologies serve a means for delivering multimedia files across a network.
c. Cases A CAPITALIZED letter is referred to as UPPERCASE, while a small letter is referred to as lowercase. Placing an uppercase letter in the middle of a word is referred to as an intercap (e.g., Worldwide Web, GlaxoSmithKline). Serif vs sans serif A serif is the little decoration at the end of a letter stroke. Serif fonts are used for body text (e.g. Times New Roman, Century, Bookman, Palatino). Sans serif fonts do not have a serif at the end of a letter stroke (e.g. Arial, Tahoma, Verdana). These fonts are used for headlines and bold statements. Example question: What is ascender? Intercap Cases
Using text elements e.g., button, drop down button Choosing text fonts -consider legibility & readability Use anti-aliased text Avoid too many faces Use color purposefully Use drop caps & initial caps for accent Symbols and icons -Concentrated text in the form of stand alone Menus for navigation Interactive buttons: a clickable object that executes a command when activated -users can create their own buttons from bit maps
- dialog box for saving users work Fields for reading:
- Reading a hard copy HTML Documents -hypertext markup language
HTML documents HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. HTML documents are marked using tags. An advanced form of HTML is DHTML. DHTML stands for Dynamic Hypertext Markup Language. DHTML uses Cascading Style Sheets (CSS). The tag for making text boldfaced The tag for creating an ordered list The tag for inserting images The font wars PostScript TrueType OpenType PostScript PostScript is a method of describing an image in terms of mathematical constructs. PostScript characters are scalable and can be drawn much faster. The two types of PostScript fonts are Type 3 and Type 1. TrueType Apple and Microsoft developed the TrueType methodology. TrueType is a system of scalable outline fonts and can draw characters at low resolution. OpenType Adobe and Microsoft developed OpenType, now the international standard. It incorporates the best features of PostScript and TrueType. Character sets The American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII) is a 7-bit coding system – 128 characters. The extended character set is commonly filled with ANSI standard characters. The ISO-Latin-1 character set is used while programming the text of HTML pages – 255 characters. All of these standards used 8-bits to code.
Character sets (continued) Unicode is a 16-bit architecture for multilingual text and character encoding. The shared symbols of each character set are unified into collections of symbols called scripts. Unicode contains 65 000 characters. Mapping across platforms Fonts and characters are not cross-platform compatible. They must be mapped to the other machine using font substitution. Multimedia Multimedia is defined as the combination of text, graphics, and audio elements into a single presentation. When the user assumes control over the presentation, it is called interactive multimedia. Interactive multimedia becomes hypermedia when a structure of linked elements is provided to the user for navigation and interaction. Hypertext systems Hypertext is defined as the organized cross-linking of words, images, and other Web elements. A system in which words are keyed or indexed to other words is referred to as a hypertext system. A hypertext system enables the user to navigate through text in a non-linear way. Using hypertext systems Information management and hypertext programs present electronic text, images, and other elements in a database fashion. Software robots visit web pages and index entire web sites. Hypertext databases make use of proprietary indexing systems. Server-based hypertext and database engines are widely available. Typical methods for word searching in hypermedia systems are: Categorical search (e.g. “Songs”, “Malay songs”) Word relationship (e.g. “birthday”, “cakes”) Adjacency (e.g. “widow”, “black”) Alternates (e.g. “fish”, OR “prawn”) Association (e.g. “ship”, AND “ferry”)
The functions of a builder are: Creating links Identifying nodes Generating an index of words Hypertext systems are used for: Electronic publishing and reference works Technical documentation Educational courseware Interactive kiosks Electronic catalogs Text is one of the most important elements of multimedia. The standard document format used for web pages is called HTML. Dynamic HTML uses Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) for greater control over design. Multimedia is the combination of text graphics, and audio elements into a single presentation. A hypertext system enables the user to navigate through text in a non-linear way. Chapter 3 : Graphic Plan using flowchart, storyboards, wireframe Sketch Get few examples Look at the templates
Discuss with client & team Before you start to create: Plan your approach Organize your tools Configure your computer workspace Plan your approach Plan your approach using flowcharts, storyboards Sketch Get few examples Look at the templates Discuss with team and client Organize your tools Employ variety of tools Explore the library and features in the tools e.g., animated greeting card using photoshop Configure your computer workspace With extra monitor, you can open many windows at once and spread them out It is helpful to have access to cloud storage Creating still images are generated by the computer in two ways: Bitmaps A bit is the simplest element in the digital world, an electronic digit that is either on or off, black or white, or true (1) or false (0). This referred to as binary. A bitmap is a simple matrix of the tiny dots that form an image displayed on screen and printer. Bitmap sources
- Using clip art galleries:
- A clip art gallery is an assortment of graphics, photographs, sound and video.
- Clip art is popular alternatives for users who do not want to create their own images.
- Available on DR-ROMs, Internet and also in software installed in the computer
- Using bitmap software
- Capturing and editing images
- Scanning images Vector-drawn Bitmap image also known as paint graphic A bitmap is made up of individual dots or picture elements known as pixels or pels.
- For the Web, pages that use vector graphics in plug-ins download faster and, when used for animation, draw faster than bitmaps.
- Vector images cannot be used for photorealistic images.
- Vector images require a plug-in for Web-based display.
- Bitmaps are not easily scalable and resizable.
- Bitmaps can be converted to vector images using autotracing. **3-D drawing and rendering
- 3-D animation tools
- Features of a 3-D application
- Panoramas Features of a 3-D application Modelling – placing all the elements into 3-D spa Extrusion – the shape of a plane surface extend some distance. Lathing – a profile of the shape is rotated around a defined axis.**
- Rendering - Use of intricate algorithms to apply user-specified effects Panoramas: Panoramic images are created by stitching together a sequence of photos around a circle and adjusting them into a single seamless bitmap. These sections explain where color comes from and how colors are displayed on a computer monitor
- Understanding Natural Light and Color
- Computerized color
- Color palettes **Understanding Natural Light and Color
- Light comes from an atom where an electron passes from a higher to a lower energy level.
- Each atom produces uniquely specific colors.
- Color is the frequency of a light wave within the narrow band of the electromagnetic spectrum, to which the human eye responds. Computerized color
- Additive color
- Subtractive color
- Monitor-specific color
- Color models Additive color
- In the additive color method, a color is created by combining colored light sources in three primary colors - red, green, and blue (RGB).
- TV and computer monitors use this method. Subtractive color**
- In the subtractive color method, color is created by combining colored media such as **paints or ink.
- The colored media absorb (or subtract) some parts of the color spectrum of light and** **reflect the others back to the eye.
- Subtractive color is the process used to create** **color in printing.
- The printed page consists of tiny halftone dots of three primary colors: cyan, magenta, and** **yellow (CMY). Monitor-specific color
- Colors should be used according to the target audience’s monitor specifications.
- The preferred monitor resolution is 800 x 600 pixels.
- The preferred color depth is 32 bits. Models used to specify color in computer terms are:
- RGB model – A 24-bit methodology: color is specified in terms of red, green, and blue values ranging from 0 to 255.
- HSB and HSL models – Color is specified as an angle from 0 to 360 degrees on a color wheel.
- Other models include CMYK, CIE, YIQ, YUV, and YCC. Color palettes
- Palettes are mathematical tables that define the color of pixels displayed on the screen.
- Palettes are called “color lookup tables,” or CLUTs, on the Macintosh.
- The most common palettes are 1, 4, 8, 16, and 24-bit deep. Dithering
- Dithering is a process whereby the color value of each pixel is changed to the closest matching color value in the target palette.
- This is done using a mathematical algorithm. These images were dithered in Photoshop to best fit the 8-bit palettes of GIF files (Adaptive, System, or Custom 216 Netscape). Also shown are JPEG files compressed with highest and lowest quality and their actual file sizes. Note the subtle differences among palettes and systems, especially in the gradient blue background. File Formats**
Vector takleh hasilkan realistic images 3D animation tools File format Windows formats : PICT, Gamba dslr dlm bentuk raw sbb boleh edit saturation ,ape semua
Chap 4: Sound
Function: reinforce message or theme / best way attract attention /elicit an emotion,dramatize point Set the mood Catch the interest Alert audience Include narration: effective for training & educational applications Types of sound: 1) Music (background, attention grabber, sound effect) 2) Speech (narration, instruction) Vibrations in the air create waves of pressure that are perceived as sound. Sound waves vary in sound pressure level (amplitude) & in frequency or pitch. Refers to the reproduction & transmission of sound stored in a digital format. Digitizing & storage of sound / music on a computer / compact disc. DIGITAL AUDIO Audio signal starts with an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) that converts an analog signal to a digital signal. After being sampled with ADC, the signal may be altered in a process which is called digital signal processing. The digital audio signal may then be stored or transmitted. The last step for digital audio is to be converted back to an analog signal with a digital -to -analog converter DAC). DIGITAL AUDIO Main characteristic in sound waves are FREQUENCY & AMPLITUDE.
Sample represent the amplitude of sound at a discrete point in time .The louder the sound, the higher the amplitude will be. Unit of measure for loudness or volume is decibel (dB). The quality of digital recording depends on the sampling rate ( or frequency) , that is, the number of samples taken per second. Frequency in the number of cycles a sound waves creates in one second. A cycle is measured from one wave peak to another. The standard measurement for frequency is called HERTZ(Hz). Three sampling frequencies most often used in them are CS-quality 44.1 kHz, 22.05 kHz, & 11. kHz. ( original waveform, sampling frequency ,sampled data, reconstructed waveform) Number of bits used to describe the amplitude of a sound wave when sampled determines the sample size. Sample rate -number of times the sample taken. -the higher sample, the more samples are taken & the better the quality of the digitized udio. Sample size Amount of information stored about the sample. The greater the sample size , the better the quality of the audio. Digital audio is device independent. The value of each sample is rounded off to the nearest integer (quantization). Quantization = process of mapping continuous infinite values to a smaller set of discrete finite values. Context of simulation & embedded computing, it is about approximating real world values with a digital representation that introduces limits on the precision & range of a value. Nyquist Sampling Theorem: A bandlimited continuous time signal can be sampled & perfectly reconstructed from its sample if the wave form is sampled over twice as fast as its highest frequency component. DIGITAL AUDIO PREPARATION Crucial aspects of preparing: Balancing the need for sound quality against available RAM & hard disk resources. Setting appropriate recording levels to get a high-quality & clean recording. Once recording completed , always need to be edited. Basic sound editing operations include trimming ,splicing & assembly , volume adjustments & working on multiple tracks.
MIDI embedded in web pages load & play promptly. Length can be changed without affecting the pitch of the music or degrading audio quality. Requires knowledge of music theory. Digital audio vs MIDI Capturing the sound of the actual performance. Recording or sequencing, capturing the actual notes of the performance. Analogous to bitmapped images Structured or vector graphic Big in file size Smaller than digitized audio Device independent Device dependent Sounds the same on any playback device. Better than digital audio files when played on a high -quality MIDI device. Can playback spoken dialog. Difficult to play back spoken dialog. Provides consistent playback quality. Doesn’t have consistent playback quality. With digital audio, one does not require to have music theory knowledge. One requires of music theory to run MIDI. RECORDING & EDITING Basics System sounds are assigned to various system events such as startup and warning. Macintosh provide glass, indigo, laugh. Windows include start.wav, chimes.wav, & chord.wav Audio formats :- Wav audio (.wav) Sound(.snd) Mp3audio(.mp3) Multimedia sound is either digitally recorded audio or MIDI music. Audio formats = a sound file format is a recognized methodology for organizing data bits of digitized sound into a data file. On Macintosh, may be stored as data files, resources or applications such AIFF / AIFC. On Windows, WAV files MP3 compression is a space saver. MP4 when audio & video are streamed together. ACC (Advance audio coding) used by Apple’s iTunes store.
File formats compatible with multimedia authoring software being used , along with delivery mediums ,must be determined. Sound playback capabilities offered by end user systems must be studied. Type of sound , whether background music , special sound effects / spoken dialog must be decided. Digital audio / MIDI data should be selected on the basis of the location & time of use. Professional Sound Compression techniques reduce space, but reliability suffers. Space can be conserved by down sampling or reducing the numbers of sample slices taken per second. Recording on inexpensive media rather than directly to disk prevents the hard disk form being overloaded with unnecessary data. The projects equipment & standard must be in accordance with the requirements. It is vital to maintain a high quality database that stores the original sound material. Sound & image synchronization must be tested at regular intervals. The speed at which most animations & computer based videos play depends on the user’s CPU. Sounds of RAM requirement as well as the users playback setup must be evaluated. Copyrighted material should not be recorded / used without securing approval from the owner / publisher. Summary: Vibrations in air create waves of pressure that are perceived as sound. MIDI digitally recorded audio music. Digital audio data is the actual representation of a sound , stored in the form of samples. MIDI is a shorthand representation of music stored in numeric form. Digital audio provides consistent playback quality. MIDI files are smaller than digitized audio. MIDI files sound better than digital audio files when played on a high – quality MIDI device. Chapter 5: Animation Animation : act of making something come alive.
