Plate Tectonics: Understanding Earth's Lithosphere and Plate Boundaries - Prof. Cruz, Schemes and Mind Maps of Science education

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Science

Quarter 1- Module 1:

Earth and Space

Lesson 1- 7

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SCIENCE– Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Earth and Space Revised Edition, 202 2 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Sec: Sara Z. Duterte-Carpio Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – National Capital Region – SDO VALENZUELA Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St., Marulas, Valenzuela City Telefax: (02) 292 – 3247 E-mail Address: [email protected] Development Team of the Module Writers: Czarina Bea Saberon Jeanne E. Acelo Mylene Rosco Ada D. Laguitan Flerida P. Velez Jovit Angelo L. David Zacarie Jo P. Del Rosario Donna Marie P. Sabalza Marivic S. Ferrer Earlene G. De Vera Eric M. Masela Jonathan A. Aballe Ma. Suzette S. Falcunitin Mark E. Embuido Alma V. Manalo Juanito D. Bartolome Jr Irene C. Cular Edward A. Ramos Jai Rabbai A. Eugenio Agnes B. Panuncialman Florida B. Cabrera Maricar DR. Espiritu Clarissa Igana Mark Kenneth D. Mongaya Marion Edward P. De Guzman Reviewers: Amelita V. Yumang, Ed. D., Juliana T. Alvarez Editors: Zacarie Jo P. Del Rosario, Donna Marie P. Sabalza, Kelvin T. Silvestre Illustrator: Jayson P. Delechos Layout Artist: Zacarie Jo P. Del Rosario, Roselle G. Hutamariz Management Team: MELITON P. ZURBANO, Schools Division Superintendent FILMORE A. CABALLERO, CID Chief JEAN A. TROPEL, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS MA. LEA Q. PRONDO Education Program Supervisor – Science

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text. Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not Put Unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.

According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called tectonic plates. The plates move very slowly but constantly. Get a hard-boiled egg and strike it with a spoon until the shell is cracked in several places. This is what the lithosphere is like. At the end of this unit, the learners are expected to: ● Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory (S10ES – Ia-j-36.1). Directions: Encircle the letter of the BEST answer.

1. What do you call the outermost, rigid layer of the Earth, consisting of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle? A. Biosphere C. Atmosphere B. Lithosphere D. Asthenosphere
2. Which type of crust is less dense? A. Oceanic C. It depends B. Continental D. They are the same
3. In which layer of the Earth does convection current happens? A. Crust C. Inner core B. Mantle D. Outer core
4. Which is the outermost layer of the Earth? A. Crust C. Inner core B. Mantle D. Outer Core
5. Which is the soft, weak upper portion of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around? A. Biosphere C. Atmosphere B. Lithosphere D. Asthenosphere
6. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY described the oceanic crust? A. Oceanic crust is thicker than Continental crust. B. Oceanic crust is denser than Continental crust. C. Continental crust is denser than Oceanic crust. D. Continental crust is thinner than Oceanic crust.
7. Which is NOT a major lithospheric plate? A. Cocos Plate C. Eurasian Plate B. Pacific Plate D. Antarctic Plate
8. Which of the following refers to the moving, irregularly shaped slabs that fit together to form the surface of the Earth? A. Lithosphere C. Continental Crust B. Asthenosphere D. Lithospheric plates
9. Which layer of the Earth generates magnetic field? A. Crust C. Inner core B. Mantle D. Outer Core

Notes to the Teacher This module is an interactive module that includes the overview, pre assessment, discussion proper, activities and post assessment. In this lesson, it is focused on describing and relating the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonics Theory. Activity: Decode Me Directions: Replace the number with the corresponding letter as indicated in the code to unlock the hidden word. Describe the word. A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4, E=5, F=6, G=7, H=8, I=9, J=10, K=11, L=12, M=13, N=14, O=15, P=16, Q=17, R=18, S=19, T=20, U=21, V=22, W=23, X=24, Y=25, Z=

1. 3 18 21 19 20

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2. 12 9 20 8 15 19 16 8 5 18 5

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3. 3 15 18 5

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4. 13 1 14 20 12 5

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5. 20 5 3 20 15 14 9 3

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LITHOSPHERE

Earth’s surface is covered by a layer of rock called crust. The crust is part of the top layer of Earth called the lithosphere. Crust is the outermost solid shell which is made of a variety of solid rocks and made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, sodium, potassium and magnesium. It has an average density of 2.8 g/cm^3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50 km. The crust is thickest in a part where a relatively young mountain is present and thinnest along the ocean floor. According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called tectonic plates. The plates move very slowly but constantly. CONTINENTAL CRUST VS OCEANIC CRUST You will notice from Figure 1.2. that Earth's crust is divided into two types: the thicker but less dense continental crust and the oceanic crust which is relatively thinner but denser than continental crust. Figure 1.2. Types of crust Tectonic plates can transport both continental crust and oceanic crust, or they may be made of only one kind of crust. Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust. At a subduction zone, the oceanic crust sinks into the mantle beneath lighter continental crust. It’s important to know what type of crust covers a tectonic plate because the type of crust determines what happens at a boundary between plates. Continental Crust

• thick, less dense than oceanic crust and mostly old
  • about 25 miles (32 kilometers) thick under the continents Oceanic Crust
• thin, dense- sinks under continental crust and young
• is only about 3-5 miles (8 kilometers) thick under the oceans
• is mostly composed of BASALT

SEISMIC WAVES

Seismic waves are also known as earthquake. The three types of

seismic waves are primary wave, secondary wave, and surface wave.

Primary wave , the P-wave travels fastest among the three. It reaches the

earthquake recording station first. This type of wave can travel through

solid, liquid, and gas. Secondary wave , the S-wave, is slower than P-wave

but it will reach the recording station next to P-wave. This type of wave

can travel only in solid and its motion is side-to-side. Lastly, the Surface

wave or the L-wave. This is the slowest type of wave and last to reach the

recording station. Its motion is up and down. If the first two waves can

travel in the interior of the earth, this wave travels only on the surface of

the earth. That is why L-wave is the most destructive among the three.

Activity 1.1: Continental vs Oceanic Crust Directions : Look at the picture below. Fill in the Venn diagram to compare and contrast continental and oceanic crust.

Activity 1.2 : Identify This Directions: Identify the 7 major lithospheric plates pointed to by the labels A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Activity 1.3: Seismic Waves Directions: Complete the table. TYPE OF SEISMIC WAVE COMPARISON IN TERMS OF SPEED CAN TRAVEL THROUGH MOVEMENT TYPE STRENGTH IN TERMS OF DESTRUCTION P-wave S-wave Surface waves Answer the following questions:

1. What is lithosphere?

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2. What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust?

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3. How will you describe the earth’s interior?

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4. What are the seven major lithospheric plates?

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5. What are seismic waves?

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11. Which of the following are the types of body waves? A. P wave and S wave C. S wave and Love wave B. Love wave and P wave D. Rayleigh wave and Love wave
12. Which of the following is considered as a major lithospheric plate? A. Gorda plate C. Pacific plate B. Cocos plate D. Philippine plate
13. Which of the following is a minor lithospheric plate? A. Eurasian plate C. North American plate B. Philippine plate D. South American plate
14. Which of the following are the types of surface waves? A. P wave and S wave C. S wave and Love wave B. Love wave and P wave D. Rayleigh wave and Love wave
15. Which of the following BEST describe a Body wave? A. It can be P wave and Love wave. B. It can be a Love wave and Rayleigh wave. C. It can only travel through the surface of the Earth. D. It is used by the scientists to study the interior part of the Earth. Activity: Complete Me Directions: Complete the paragraph below by filling the blanks with the missing words. Missing words: Convection current, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere, Lithospheric plates. The 1.) ________________ is the top most, solid part of the Earth that is composed of several 2.) _______________________, which are irregularly-shaped slabs that fit together to form the Earth’s surface. The 3.) _______________________ which is the soft and weak upper portion of the mantle is where the plates move around due to 4.)___________________ which serves as the force that drives the plates to move around.

11. D B 1.

12. C B 2.

13. A B 3.

14. C B 4.

15. A D 5.

B 6.

A 7.

D 8.

D 9.

D 10.

Activity: Decode Me rth the outermost solid layer of the Ea - 1.CRUST the solid, outer part of the Earth co posed of crust and upper - 2.LITHOSPHERE mantle the hot and very dense center of the Earth made up of iron and nickel.- 3.CORE heated core and its thin outer- lies between Earth's dense, super - 4.MANTLE r, the crust laye means relating to the structure of the Earth's surface or crust- 5.TECTONIC Continental vs Oceanic Cr Activity 1.

“Earthquake - Natural Disaster Manangement". 2022. Sites.Google.Com. https://sites.google.com/site/disasterportal/earthquake."Kinds Of Crust - Google Search". 2022. Google.Com. https://www.google.com/search?q=kinds+of+crust&source=lnms&tbm=isch &sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL7aXj8aPpAhXUc94KHZVIDQQQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw &biw=931&bih=445#imgrc=9-J485ssWwROOM. "Mt. Everest From Space". 2022. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_152.html. "Seismic Waves". 2022. Earth Science
. Pavico, J.M., Ramos, A.C.M., Bayquen, A.V., Silverio, A.A., & Ramos, J.D.A.(2015). Exploring Life Through Science Series The New Grade 10. Phoenix Publishing House, INC. "Plate Tectonics". 2022. Phet. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/plate- tectonics. Science 10 Learner’s Module Science 10 Teacher’s Guide "The Structure Of The Earth And Plate Tectonics". 2022. Slideshare.Net. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/stevenheath148/plates- 36189164. "7 Major Tectonic Plates: The World's Largest Plate Tectonics - Earth How".

2022. Earth How. https://earthhow.com/7-major-tectonic-plates/.
2023. https://multimediascienceleahaviscounte.weebly.com/seismic-waves.html.
2024. Youtube.Com. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=lithosphere+continental+a nd+oceanic+crust.

Science

Quarter 1-Module 1

Lesson 2:

Plate Tectonics

7. Which of the following can provide the location of an earthquake epicenter by using three seismic recording stations? A. Seismicity C. Seismic Method B. Volcanism D. Triangulation Method
8. How many seismological recording station are needed to locate the earthquake epicenter? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
9. Which refers to a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action? A. Seismicity C. Volcanic eruption B. Earthquake D. Mountain formation
10. Which of the following statement is true about world’s earthquake epicenters? A. Scattered everywhere B. Can be found anywhere C. Not randomly distributed D. Not concentrated in narrow zones 11.Which of the following refers to the point inside the earth where the earthquake started? A. Fault C. Stress B. Focus D. Epicenter
11. What refers to the point on the earth's surface directly above the origin of an earthquake? A. Fault C. Stress B. Focus D. Epicenter
12. Where are volcanoes most likely to form? A. Oceanic ridge C. Center of the continents B. Continental plate D. Along convergent plate boundary
13. What is done after collecting the time difference of P wave & S wave in 3 stations? A. Convert the time difference to hour B. Compute the distance of each recording stations to one another C. Converting the distance of recording station to epicenter in centimeter to kilometer D. Calculating the distance from of recording station to epicenter by using the time difference
14. What can be determine after successfully doing triangulation method? A. Focus C. Intensity B. Magnitude D. Epicenter

Notes to the Teacher This module is an interactive module that includes the overview, pre assessment, discussion proper, activities and post assessment. In this lesson, it is focused on describing and relating the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory.

Lesson

Plate Tectonics

Are you familiar with the triangulation method as a way of determining an earthquake epicenter? Are you already aware of the different location of the world's active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges? How will you be describing the distribution of active volcanoes; earthquake epicenters and mountain ranges? Is there any relation among plate tectonics, earthquake epicenters and active volcanoes? We will find the answers to all of that as our course discussion occurs. Activity: Plate Tectonics Directions: Fill in the K-W-H-L Chart below to assess your prior knowledge and understanding of the topic regarding plate dynamics which leads to the formation and distribution of the world's active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges.

K W H L

What do I know? What do I want to find out? How can I found out what I learn? What did I learn?