Plate Tectonics: Understanding Earth's Lithosphere and Plate Boundaries - Prof. Cruz, Schemes and Mind Maps of Science education

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Science

Quarter 1- Module 1:

Earth and Space

Lesson 1- 7

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SCIENCE– Grade 10 Alternative Delivery Mode Quarter 1 – Module 1: Earth and Space Revised Edition, 202 2 Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties. Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks, etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them. Published by the Department of Education Sec: Sara Z. Duterte-Carpio Printed in the Philippines by ________________________ Department of Education – National Capital Region – SDO VALENZUELA Office Address: Pio Valenzuela St., Marulas, Valenzuela City Telefax: (02) 292 – 3247 E-mail Address: [email protected] Development Team of the Module Writers: Czarina Bea Saberon Jeanne E. Acelo Mylene Rosco Ada D. Laguitan Flerida P. Velez Jovit Angelo L. David Zacarie Jo P. Del Rosario Donna Marie P. Sabalza Marivic S. Ferrer Earlene G. De Vera Eric M. Masela Jonathan A. Aballe Ma. Suzette S. Falcunitin Mark E. Embuido Alma V. Manalo Juanito D. Bartolome Jr Irene C. Cular Edward A. Ramos Jai Rabbai A. Eugenio Agnes B. Panuncialman Florida B. Cabrera Maricar DR. Espiritu Clarissa Igana Mark Kenneth D. Mongaya Marion Edward P. De Guzman Reviewers: Amelita V. Yumang, Ed. D., Juliana T. Alvarez Editors: Zacarie Jo P. Del Rosario, Donna Marie P. Sabalza, Kelvin T. Silvestre Illustrator: Jayson P. Delechos Layout Artist: Zacarie Jo P. Del Rosario, Roselle G. Hutamariz Management Team: MELITON P. ZURBANO, Schools Division Superintendent FILMORE A. CABALLERO, CID Chief JEAN A. TROPEL, Division EPS In-Charge of LRMS MA. LEA Q. PRONDO Education Program Supervisor – Science

Science

Quarter 1-Module 1

Lesson 1:

Earth’s Lithosphere

Introductory Message

This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners, can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions, exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson. Each SLM is composed of different parts. Each part shall guide you step-by- step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you. Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check your learning. Answer keys are provided for each activity and test. We trust that you will be honest in using these. In addition to the material in the main text. Notes to the Teacher are also provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can best help you on your home-based learning. Please use this module with care. Do not Put Unnecessary marks on any part of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And read the instructions carefully before performing each task. If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Thank you.

According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called tectonic plates. The plates move very slowly but constantly. Get a hard-boiled egg and strike it with a spoon until the shell is cracked in several places. This is what the lithosphere is like. At the end of this unit, the learners are expected to: ● Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory (S10ES – Ia-j-36.1). Directions: Encircle the letter of the BEST answer.

1. What do you call the outermost, rigid layer of the Earth, consisting of the Earth’s crust and upper mantle? A. Biosphere C. Atmosphere B. Lithosphere D. Asthenosphere
2. Which type of crust is less dense? A. Oceanic C. It depends B. Continental D. They are the same
3. In which layer of the Earth does convection current happens? A. Crust C. Inner core B. Mantle D. Outer core
4. Which is the outermost layer of the Earth? A. Crust C. Inner core B. Mantle D. Outer Core
5. Which is the soft, weak upper portion of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around? A. Biosphere C. Atmosphere B. Lithosphere D. Asthenosphere
6. Which of the following statements CORRECTLY described the oceanic crust? A. Oceanic crust is thicker than Continental crust. B. Oceanic crust is denser than Continental crust. C. Continental crust is denser than Oceanic crust. D. Continental crust is thinner than Oceanic crust.
7. Which is NOT a major lithospheric plate? A. Cocos Plate C. Eurasian Plate B. Pacific Plate D. Antarctic Plate
8. Which of the following refers to the moving, irregularly shaped slabs that fit together to form the surface of the Earth? A. Lithosphere C. Continental Crust B. Asthenosphere D. Lithospheric plates
9. Which layer of the Earth generates magnetic field? A. Crust C. Inner core B. Mantle D. Outer Core

10. Which refers to the mechanical vibrations that occur inside the Earth (along fault lines) which is caused by the breakage of rocks? A. Body waves C. Surface waves B. Love waves D. Seismic waves
11. What is the driving force that facilitate the movement of the lithospheric plate? A. Tension C. Conduction B. Subduction D. Convection current
12. Which of the following is a major lithospheric plate? A. Nazca plate C. Antarctic plate B. Cocos plate D. Caribbean plate
13. Which among the seismic waves reaches the earthquake recording station first and can travel through solid, liquid and gas? A. P waves C. Love waves B. S waves D. Rayleigh waves
14. Which of the following statements BEST describe the L wave? A. It is a type of body waves. B. It is a compressional wave. C. It is the most destructive seismic waves. D. It can travel in the interior part of the Earth.
15. Which of the following are seismic waves that are used by the scientists to study the interior part of the Earth? A. Body waves C. Surface waves B. Love waves D. Rayleigh waves

Lesson

Earth’s Lithosphere

Have you ever wondered more about our lithosphere? Have you ever wondered about its characteristics? its interior? Well, the lithosphere is the solid, outer part of the Earth, including the crust and the upper portion of the mantle. This part of the module will focus on the outermost layer which is called the crust. We will find out more about such as our course discussion proceed.

Notes to the Teacher This module is an interactive module that includes the overview, pre assessment, discussion proper, activities and post assessment. In this lesson, it is focused on describing and relating the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonics Theory. Activity: Decode Me Directions: Replace the number with the corresponding letter as indicated in the code to unlock the hidden word. Describe the word. A=1, B=2, C=3, D=4, E=5, F=6, G=7, H=8, I=9, J=10, K=11, L=12, M=13, N=14, O=15, P=16, Q=17, R=18, S=19, T=20, U=21, V=22, W=23, X=24, Y=25, Z=

1. 3 18 21 19 20

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2. 12 9 20 8 15 19 16 8 5 18 5

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3. 3 15 18 5

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4. 13 1 14 20 12 5

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5. 20 5 3 20 15 14 9 3

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LITHOSPHERE

Earth’s surface is covered by a layer of rock called crust. The crust is part of the top layer of Earth called the lithosphere. Crust is the outermost solid shell which is made of a variety of solid rocks and made up of mostly oxygen, silicon, aluminum, iron, sodium, potassium and magnesium. It has an average density of 2.8 g/cm^3 and its thickness ranges from 5 to 50 km. The crust is thickest in a part where a relatively young mountain is present and thinnest along the ocean floor. According to the plate tectonics model, the entire lithosphere of the Earth is broken into numerous segments called tectonic plates. The plates move very slowly but constantly. CONTINENTAL CRUST VS OCEANIC CRUST You will notice from Figure 1.2. that Earth's crust is divided into two types: the thicker but less dense continental crust and the oceanic crust which is relatively thinner but denser than continental crust. Figure 1.2. Types of crust Tectonic plates can transport both continental crust and oceanic crust, or they may be made of only one kind of crust. Oceanic crust is denser than continental crust. At a subduction zone, the oceanic crust sinks into the mantle beneath lighter continental crust. It’s important to know what type of crust covers a tectonic plate because the type of crust determines what happens at a boundary between plates. Continental Crust

• thick, less dense than oceanic crust and mostly old
  • about 25 miles (32 kilometers) thick under the continents Oceanic Crust
• thin, dense- sinks under continental crust and young
• is only about 3-5 miles (8 kilometers) thick under the oceans
• is mostly composed of BASALT

THE EARTH'S INTERIOR

The earth’s interior is divided into three layers namely crust, mantle and core. Each layer is different on thickness, temperature and minerals present. In Figure 1.4, Lithosphere is the upper portion and outer part of the earth that is composed of crust and upper mantle. Beneath the lithosphere is the asthenosphere which is the soft, weak upper portion of the mantle where the lithospheric plates float and move around. The heat in the mantle creates convection current. The movement in the mantle causes the plate to lift, split and move around. This convection causes the lithospheric plates (Fig. 1.3) to break and crack due to slowly moving current underneath the Earth’s surface. SEVEN MAJOR PLATES

1. Pacific major plate is the largest tectonic plate which underlies the Pacific Ocean. This plate forms most of the Pacific Ring of Fire.
2. The North American major plate not only contains the continent of North America but also part of the Atlantic Ocean. The plate extends all the way over the North pole and even contains Siberia and the northern island of Japan.
3. Eurasian major plate consists of most of Europe, Russia and parts of Asia. This plate is between the North American & African Plate.
4. African plate contains the whole continent of Africa as well as the surrounding oceanic crust of the Atlantic Ocean. The west side of the African major plate diverge with the North American plate. These divergent plate boundaries form the mid- oceanic ridges or rift valley.
5. The Antarctic plate holds the entire continent of Antarctica including its surround oceanic crust. This plate is surrounded by parts of the African, Australian, Pacific and South American plates.
6. The Indo-Australia plate is a major plate combining the Australian and Indian Plate. The Indo-Australia plate stretches from Australia to India. It also includes the oceanic crust from the Indian Ocean.
7. The South American Plate is a major plate that includes the continent of South America and a large portion of ocean from Atlantic Ocean. Figure 1.4. A cross section of the Earth https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/earth-cross-section Figure 1.3. Distribution of tectonic plates https://www.kean.edu/~csmart/Observing/05.%20Plate%20tectonics.pdf Figure 1.5. Distribution of tectonic plates https://www.kean.edu/~csmart/Observing/05.%20P late%20tectonics.pdf

SEISMIC WAVES

Seismic waves are also known as earthquake. The three types of

seismic waves are primary wave, secondary wave, and surface wave.

Primary wave , the P-wave travels fastest among the three. It reaches the

earthquake recording station first. This type of wave can travel through

solid, liquid, and gas. Secondary wave , the S-wave, is slower than P-wave

but it will reach the recording station next to P-wave. This type of wave

can travel only in solid and its motion is side-to-side. Lastly, the Surface

wave or the L-wave. This is the slowest type of wave and last to reach the

recording station. Its motion is up and down. If the first two waves can

travel in the interior of the earth, this wave travels only on the surface of

the earth. That is why L-wave is the most destructive among the three.

Activity 1.1: Continental vs Oceanic Crust Directions : Look at the picture below. Fill in the Venn diagram to compare and contrast continental and oceanic crust.

Activity 1.2 : Identify This Directions: Identify the 7 major lithospheric plates pointed to by the labels A, B, C, D, E, F, and G. Activity 1.3: Seismic Waves Directions: Complete the table. TYPE OF SEISMIC WAVE COMPARISON IN TERMS OF SPEED CAN TRAVEL THROUGH MOVEMENT TYPE STRENGTH IN TERMS OF DESTRUCTION P-wave S-wave Surface waves Answer the following questions:

1. What is lithosphere?

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2. What is the difference between continental and oceanic crust?

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3. How will you describe the earth’s interior?

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4. What are the seven major lithospheric plates?

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5. What are seismic waves?

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Why is the lithosphere broken into plates? What do you think is the importance of understanding the mechanism of tectonic plates? Explain.

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Directions: Encircle the letter of the BEST answer.

1. Which of the following is made up of the crust and the upper mantle? A. Biosphere C. Atmosphere B. Lithosphere D. Asthenosphere
2. Which layer of the Earth is described to as a soft, weak, and plastic-like layer? A. Biosphere C. Atmosphere B. Lithosphere D. Asthenosphere
3. What serves as the force that drives the plates to move around? A. Tension C. Conduction B. Subduction D. Convection current
4. Which of the following refers to the moving, irregularly shaped slabs that fit together to form the surface of the Earth? A. Lithosphere C. Continental Crust B. Asthenosphere D. Lithospheric plates
5. Which of the following are seismic waves that are used by the scientists to study the interior part of the Earth? A. Love waves C. Rayleigh waves B. Body waves D. Surface waves
6. Miners dig into the Earth in search of precious rocks and minerals. In which layer is the deepest explorations made by miners? A. Crust B. Mantle C. Inner Core D. Outer Core
7. Which of the following CORRECTLY describe the lithospheric plates? A. varies in thickness B. thicker in the oceanic crust C. thinner in the mountain regions D. have the same thickness everywhere
8. Why does the oceanic crust subducts under the continental crust when two tectonic plates collide? A. Denser than continental crust C. Thicker than continental crust B. Less dense than continental crust D. Thinner than continental crust
9. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The oceanic crust floats higher than the continental crust. B. The oceanic crust is less dense than the continental crust. C. The continental crust is thinner but denser than the oceanic crust. D. The continental crust is thicker but less dense than the oceanic crust
10. Which of the following is considered as the most destructive seismic waves? A. L waves C. P waves B. S waves D. Rayleigh waves

11. Which of the following are the types of body waves? A. P wave and S wave C. S wave and Love wave B. Love wave and P wave D. Rayleigh wave and Love wave
12. Which of the following is considered as a major lithospheric plate? A. Gorda plate C. Pacific plate B. Cocos plate D. Philippine plate
13. Which of the following is a minor lithospheric plate? A. Eurasian plate C. North American plate B. Philippine plate D. South American plate
14. Which of the following are the types of surface waves? A. P wave and S wave C. S wave and Love wave B. Love wave and P wave D. Rayleigh wave and Love wave
15. Which of the following BEST describe a Body wave? A. It can be P wave and Love wave. B. It can be a Love wave and Rayleigh wave. C. It can only travel through the surface of the Earth. D. It is used by the scientists to study the interior part of the Earth. Activity: Complete Me Directions: Complete the paragraph below by filling the blanks with the missing words. Missing words: Convection current, Asthenosphere, Lithosphere, Lithospheric plates. The 1.) ________________ is the top most, solid part of the Earth that is composed of several 2.) _______________________, which are irregularly-shaped slabs that fit together to form the Earth’s surface. The 3.) _______________________ which is the soft and weak upper portion of the mantle is where the plates move around due to 4.)___________________ which serves as the force that drives the plates to move around.

11. D B 1.

12. C B 2.

13. A B 3.

14. C B 4.

15. A D 5.

B 6.

A 7.

D 8.

D 9.

D 10.

Activity: Decode Me rth the outermost solid layer of the Ea - 1.CRUST the solid, outer part of the Earth co posed of crust and upper - 2.LITHOSPHERE mantle the hot and very dense center of the Earth made up of iron and nickel.- 3.CORE heated core and its thin outer- lies between Earth's dense, super - 4.MANTLE r, the crust laye means relating to the structure of the Earth's surface or crust- 5.TECTONIC Continental vs Oceanic Cr Activity 1.

Identify This Activity 1. A. North American Plate B. Pacific Plate an Plate C. South Americ D. Eurasian Plate E. African Plate Australian Plate- F. Indo G. Antarctic Plate Seismic Waves Activity 1. TYPE OF SEISMIC WAVE COMPARISON IN TERMS OF SPEED CAN TRAVEL THROUGH MOVEMENT TYPE STRENGTH IN TERMS OF DESTRUCTION Fast wave- P Solid, uid, Gas Liq Destructive Parallel Perpendicular Solid Slower wave- S Less Destructive Solid Slowest Surface waves Horizontal/ Vertical Most Destructive (Answers may vary) (Answers may vary)

11. A A 6. B 1.

12. C A 7. D 2.

. B 13 A 8. D 3.

14. D D 9. D 4.

15. D A 10. B 5.

Complete Me Activity 1.Lithosphere

2. Lithospheric plates
3. Asthenosphere 4.Convection current

“Earthquake - Natural Disaster Manangement". 2022. Sites.Google.Com. https://sites.google.com/site/disasterportal/earthquake."Kinds Of Crust - Google Search". 2022. Google.Com. https://www.google.com/search?q=kinds+of+crust&source=lnms&tbm=isch &sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjL7aXj8aPpAhXUc94KHZVIDQQQ_AUoAXoECA8QAw &biw=931&bih=445#imgrc=9-J485ssWwROOM. "Mt. Everest From Space". 2022. NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_152.html. "Seismic Waves". 2022. Earth Science
. Pavico, J.M., Ramos, A.C.M., Bayquen, A.V., Silverio, A.A., & Ramos, J.D.A.(2015). Exploring Life Through Science Series The New Grade 10. Phoenix Publishing House, INC. "Plate Tectonics". 2022. Phet. https://phet.colorado.edu/en/simulation/plate- tectonics. Science 10 Learner’s Module Science 10 Teacher’s Guide "The Structure Of The Earth And Plate Tectonics". 2022. Slideshare.Net. https://www.slideshare.net/mobile/stevenheath148/plates- 36189164. "7 Major Tectonic Plates: The World's Largest Plate Tectonics - Earth How".

2022. Earth How. https://earthhow.com/7-major-tectonic-plates/.
2023. https://multimediascienceleahaviscounte.weebly.com/seismic-waves.html.
2024. Youtube.Com. https://www.youtube.com/results?search_query=lithosphere+continental+a nd+oceanic+crust.

Science

Quarter 1-Module 1

Lesson 2:

Plate Tectonics

In Grade 9, you have learned why areas along the Pacific are prone to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. This is because the region comprises the so- called Ring of Fire. This module describes how plate dynamics leads to the formation and distribution of the world's active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges. At the end of this unit, the learners are expected to: ● Describe and relate the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory (S10ES – Ia-j-36.1). Directions: Encircle the letter of the BEST answer. 1.Where do earthquakes usually happen? A. Oceans C. Mid continents B. Continents D. Edge of the Continental and Oceanic plate 2.Which region is the least prone to earthquakes? A. Southeast Asia B. Uppermost part of Europe C. Western portion of North America D. Western portion of South America

3. In which of the following are volcanoes least likely to form? A. island arc C. magma hot spot B. mid oceanic ridge D. subduction zone
4. Which region is abundant with active volcanoes? A. Southeast Asia C. Northernmost Asia B. Majority of Europe D. Eastern portion of North America
5. How are active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, & mountain ranges distributed? A. Mountain ranges are situated in places where volcanoes or earthquake epicenters are not located. B. Mountain ranges are found in places where volcanoes or earthquake epicenters are also located. C. Mountain ranges are found at the middle portion of the continents while volcanoes and earthquake epicenters are at the edges of the continents. D. All of the above
6. What is the basis of scientists in dividing the Earth’s lithosphere into plates? Location of active ________________. A. volcanoes B. volcanoes and earthquake C. volcanoes and mountain ranges D. volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges

7. Which of the following can provide the location of an earthquake epicenter by using three seismic recording stations? A. Seismicity C. Seismic Method B. Volcanism D. Triangulation Method
8. How many seismological recording station are needed to locate the earthquake epicenter? A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
9. Which refers to a sudden and violent shaking of the ground, sometimes causing great destruction, as a result of movements within the earth's crust or volcanic action? A. Seismicity C. Volcanic eruption B. Earthquake D. Mountain formation
10. Which of the following statement is true about world’s earthquake epicenters? A. Scattered everywhere B. Can be found anywhere C. Not randomly distributed D. Not concentrated in narrow zones 11.Which of the following refers to the point inside the earth where the earthquake started? A. Fault C. Stress B. Focus D. Epicenter
11. What refers to the point on the earth's surface directly above the origin of an earthquake? A. Fault C. Stress B. Focus D. Epicenter
12. Where are volcanoes most likely to form? A. Oceanic ridge C. Center of the continents B. Continental plate D. Along convergent plate boundary
13. What is done after collecting the time difference of P wave & S wave in 3 stations? A. Convert the time difference to hour B. Compute the distance of each recording stations to one another C. Converting the distance of recording station to epicenter in centimeter to kilometer D. Calculating the distance from of recording station to epicenter by using the time difference
14. What can be determine after successfully doing triangulation method? A. Focus C. Intensity B. Magnitude D. Epicenter

Notes to the Teacher This module is an interactive module that includes the overview, pre assessment, discussion proper, activities and post assessment. In this lesson, it is focused on describing and relating the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts to Plate Tectonic Theory.

Lesson

Plate Tectonics

Are you familiar with the triangulation method as a way of determining an earthquake epicenter? Are you already aware of the different location of the world's active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges? How will you be describing the distribution of active volcanoes; earthquake epicenters and mountain ranges? Is there any relation among plate tectonics, earthquake epicenters and active volcanoes? We will find the answers to all of that as our course discussion occurs. Activity: Plate Tectonics Directions: Fill in the K-W-H-L Chart below to assess your prior knowledge and understanding of the topic regarding plate dynamics which leads to the formation and distribution of the world's active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges.

K W H L

What do I know? What do I want to find out? How can I found out what I learn? What did I learn?

EARTHQUAKE’S EPICENTER

In your Grade 8 Science, you were taught that earthquakes originate from the Focus. Seismologists need to record the location of Focus in the world map but it’s deep within the Earth’s surface. They instead use the Epicenter to mark the focus’ location on the Earth’s crust because it’s located on the Earth’s surface just above the Focus. Seismologists can determine the epicenter of an earthquake by using the Triangulation Method. As earthquakes occur, seismic waves are released and received by seismic stations. These seismic stations will provide how far it is from the epicenter. Triangulation Method provides the location of an earthquake epicenter by using three seismic recording stations. P waves and S waves interval in time arrival is used to calculate the distance of recording station from the epicenter. The plates are moving and interact along their edges. When this happens, important geological processes take place, such as the formation of mountain belts, earthquakes, and volcanoes which also serve as the basis in dividing the Earth’s lithosphere into plates. The world’s earthquake epicenters are not randomly distributed over the Earth’s surface. They tend to be concentrated in narrow zones. Some are located near the edges of the continents; some are in mid continents while others are in the oceans. Earthquake epicenters and volcanoes are both situated at the same locations. Locating the epicenter of an earthquake is very important to determine which fault lines are active. In that way, people will be aware of the places prone to earthquakes, thus, be able to take safety precautionary measures. Activity 2.1: Earthquake’s Epicenter Directions: Locate the epicenter of an earthquake using triangulation method.

1. Study the time difference in the arrival of P – wave & S – wave from 3 seismic recording stations. RECORDING STATION TIME DIFFERENCE IN THE ARRIVAL TIME OF P – WAVE AND S – WAVE (SECONDS) DISTANCE OF EPICENTER FROM THE STATION (KILOMETER) COMPUTED DISTANCE ON THE MAP (CENTIMETER) Butuan 34 Jolo 38 Quezon City

2. By using the formula below, calculate the distance of each recording stations to the epicenter and write your answer in the table. d = Td x 100 km 8 seconds Where: d = distance of epicenter from the station (kilometer) Td = time difference in the arrival time of P-wave and S-wave (seconds) The time interval of P wave and S wave at a distance of 100 km is 8 seconds which makes the formula appropriate.
3. Select a recording station and measure the computed distance on the map scale (the scale of the map in Figure 1 is 2 cm: 200 km). Convert the distance in kilometer to scaled distance in centimeter by using the formula below: sd = d (2 cm / 200 km) Where: sd = scaled distance (cm) d = distance of epicenter from the station (kilometer)
4. Set your compass for that computed distance. Center your compass on the station & draw a circle.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 for the rest of the stations. You should get three circles that intersect or nearly intersect at a point. This intersection is the epicenter. Guide Questions: Q1. Where is the epicenter of this hypothetical earthquake?

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Q2. What difficulty will you encounter if you only have data from two recording stations?

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Activity 2.2: Mapping Earthquake Epicenters and Active Volcanoes Directions: Plot the active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts. MATERIALS - World map with longitude and latitude - Two markers (blue and red)

• Map of Mountain ranges Figure 2.1. The Philippine Map https://legacy.lib.utexas.edu/maps/cia16/philippines_sm_2016.gif

PROCEDURE

1. Use the information in the table below to mark the location of each earthquake on the world map. Use a blue marker to plot the location of earthquake epicenters & red ink for active volcanoes.
   2. Plot the location of earthquakes and volcanoes using the world map below and observe how earthquakes, active volcanoes, and mountain ranges are distributed all over the world. Guide Questions:
   3. Upon plotting, how are earthquakes distributed on the map? Where are they located?

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   4. Upon plotting, how are active volcanoes distributed on the map? Where are they located?

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   5. How are mountain ranges distributed on the map? Where are they located?

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   6. How will you relate the distribution of mountain ranges to epicenters and active volcanoes?

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      Figure 2.2. World Map with Latitude and Longitude

Activity 2.3 : Describe Me! Where Am I? Directions : Describe the distribution of active volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and major mountain belts. Study the picture showing the distribution of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenter around the world and answer the following questions. Figure 2.3. Global distribution of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenter Figure 2.4. Map of world mountain ranges, volcanoes and earthquake Guide Questions:

1. What are active volcanoes? ________________________________________________
2. Where are the volcanoes located? __________________________________________
3. How do you describe the distribution of a volcano? _________________________
4. Describe the pattern you see in the distribution of earthquake epicenters over the Earth’s surface. Are they randomly distributed or do they form lines and/or clusters? Are patterns connected or disconnected? __________________

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5. Why do you think it is important for us to identify areas which are prone to earthquakes?

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6. Where are mountain ranges located?_______________________________________
7. Why are most of the world’s volcanoes, earthquakes, and mountain belts found together? _________________________________________________________ Activity 2.4: Active Volcanoes Directions: Infer the relationship of tectonic plates, earthquake epicenters, and active volcanoes. In the previous activities, you were able to plot and locate the mountain ranges, earthquake epicenters, and volcanic eruptions. This time, you will plot them in one map showing the tectonic plates. Use red color for volcanic eruption, green for earthquake epicenters, and yellow for mountain ranges. Please refer to Figure 2.3 and 2.4 of the previous activity.

Figure 2.5. Tectonic Plates Guide Questions:

1. Are the locations of earthquake epicenters, volcanic eruptions, and earthquakes epicenter similar?

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2. What do you think was the basis used by scientists to determine the edges of tectonic plates?

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Answer the following questions:

1. What do you think is the relationship between the earthquake’s epicenter and degree of damage (earthquake’s intensity) caused by an earthquake?

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2. How are earthquake epicenters, active volcanoes, and mountain ranges related?

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3. What is the relationship among the locations of volcanoes, earthquake epicenters, and mountain ranges?

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4. What is the relationship between plate tectonics, earthquakes and volcanoes?

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