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COMPARISON OF

RACTIVITY OF BUTANOL

ISOMERS

U4L10 Lab Report

Name: Shayesteh Mehdizadeh Namin Date: 28.03.

Chemistry - SCH4U-

Purpose of the Lab: The purpose of this experiment was to compare the chemical reactivity of different isomers of butanol (primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols). This was achieved by observing their behavior in reactions with hydrochloric acid (Lucas test), sodium metal, and potassium permanganate. The results were used to relate differences in reactivity to the molecular structure of each alcohol. Data Table: Part A PART A Reactants Observations Test tube 1 Butan-1-ol and HCl Slight or no immediate cloudiness may turn cloudy slowly after some time Test tube 2 Butan-2-ol and HCl Cloudiness appears after a short time (moderate rate) Test tube 3 2-methylpropan-2-ol and HCl Immediate cloudiness (forms quickly) Data Table: Part B PART B Reactants Observations with sodium metal Observations with potassium permanganate Observations with lucas reagent Test tube 1 Butan-1-ol and [O] Vigorous effervescence (rapid bubbling of H ₂gas) Purple colour fades → light yellow (oxidation occurs) No immediate change; may become slightly cloudy slowly Test tube 2 Butan-2-ol and [O] Moderate effervescence Purple changes to brown precipitate (MnO ₂forms → oxidation) Cloudiness appears after some time (slow reaction) Test tube 3 2-methylpropan- 2-ol and [O] Very little or no effervescence No colour change (remains pink/purple → no oxidation) Immediate white/cloudy solution (fast reaction) 1.Write the reactions as structural diagrams to represent the reaction that takes place between each alcohol and HCI. Where no reaction occurred, indicate "no reaction"

3. Summarize in a few sentences each the halogenation and controlled oxidation reactions of primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols. Answer Primary Alcohols Primary alcohols undergo halogenation slowly with HCl (Lucas test), often showing little or no reaction at room temperature. In controlled oxidation, they are first oxidized to aldehydes and can be further oxidized to carboxylic acids if excess oxidizing agent is present. Secondary Alcohols Secondary alcohols show moderate halogenation, forming alkyl halides after some time (slow cloudiness in Lucas test). During controlled oxidation, they are converted into ketones, which are relatively stable and do not undergo further oxidation under normal conditions. Tertiary Alcohols Tertiary alcohols undergo rapid halogenation, producing immediate turbidity due to fast formation of alkyl halides. However, they do not undergo oxidation under normal conditions because they lack a hydrogen atom on the carbon bearing the –OH group. References  McMurry, J. (2016). Organic chemistry (9th ed.). Cengage Learning  Solomons, T. W. G., Fryhle, C. B., & Snyder, S. A. (2017). Organic chemistry (12th ed.). John Wiley & Sons  Clayden, J., Greeves, N., & Warren, S. (2012). Organic chemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press  Pavia, D. L., Lampman, G. M., Kriz, G. S., & Engel, R. G. (2015). Introduction to organic laboratory techniques: A microscale approach (5th ed.). Cengage Learning