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Surface Phenomena - Novel Separation Processes - Lecture Notes, Study notes of Learning processes

some concept of Novel Separation Processes are Asymmetric Membrane, Centrifugal Separation Processes, Cloud Point Extraction, Colloidal Particles, Common Stationary Phase.Main points of this lecture are: Surface Phenomena, Distillation, Separation Process, Energy Input, Coagulation, Separation Factor, Chemical Potential, Mass Transfer, Reverse Osmosis, Ultrafiltration

Typology: Study notes

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Chapter 1

1. Name one separation process that requires energy input to the system.

Ans: Distillation

2. Name one separation process that requires a matter as input to the system.

Ans: Coagulation

3. Define separation factor.

Ans:

( / )

1 1

( / )

2 2

x x

i j

x x

i j

i,j are two components and 1,2 are two streams.

4. What is the driving force of mass transfer?

Ans: Gradient of chemical potential.

5. For no separation, what is the value of separation factor?

Ans:

Chapter 2

1. Name two equilibrium governing separation processes.

Ans: Distillation, absorption.

2. Name two rate governed separation processes.

Ans: Reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration.

3. What is the difference between absorption and adsorption?

Ans: Absorption is a bulk phenomena and adsorption is a surface phenomena.

4. What is the difference between osmosis and reverse osmosis?

Ans: In osmosis, water moves from solvent to salt side. In reverse osmosis, water is

Partial preview of the text

Download Surface Phenomena - Novel Separation Processes - Lecture Notes and more Study notes Learning processes in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 1 1. Name one separation process that requires energy input to the system.

Ans: Distillation

2. Name one separation process that requires a matter as input to the system.

Ans: Coagulation

3. Define separation factor.

Ans:

x x i j

ij x^ x i j

i,j are two components and 1,2 are two streams.

4. What is the driving force of mass transfer?

Ans: Gradient of chemical potential.

5. For no separation, what is the value of separation factor?

Ans: 1

Chapter 2 1. Name two equilibrium governing separation processes.

Ans: Distillation, absorption.

2. Name two rate governed separation processes.

Ans: Reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration.

3. What is the difference between absorption and adsorption?

Ans: Absorption is a bulk phenomena and adsorption is a surface phenomena.

4. What is the difference between osmosis and reverse osmosis?

Ans: In osmosis, water moves from solvent to salt side. In reverse osmosis, water is

forced out of solute side by applying pressure.

5. What is driving force of dialysis?

Ans: Concentration gradient.

Chapter 3 1. What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric membrane?

Ans: In symmetric membrane, the material is same with uniform porosity. In

asymmetric membrane, a thin skin of lower porosity over a symmetric support acts as a

membrane.

2. What is the relationship of osmotic pressure with concentration and molecular

weights?

Ans: Osmotic pressure decreases with molecular weight and increases with

concentration.

3. What is the relationship between observed and real retention?

Ans: Real retention > observed retention.

4. Consider filtration of 5 kg/m

concentration of ultrafiltration is gel layer controlled

with gel concentration of 150 kg/m

. Filtration occurs in a tube of diameter 25 mm and

length 1m. The flow rate is 150 L/h, protein diffusivity is 3x

m

/s. Find the permeate

flux?

Ans: J= Permeate flux = ln

cg k (^) c

k ln 5 = 3.4k

Estimation of k:

For tubes,

1 3 1.62 Re

kd d Sh Sc D L

1 3 1.85 Re

kde de Sh Sc D L

  = = (^)    

Re 10 1 2 10 2000

ρ u de

= = × × × =

So laminar flow

u D k d Le

 

     

1.53 X 10 m / s

× ×

 

     

Film Theory:

c (^) m cp j k c c (^) p

 

     

C C R X kg m P r

.53 10 ln

Cm J X

     

Osmotic Pressure Model

J L ( P ) L ( P aC R ) P P m^ r

= ∆ − ∆ π = ∆ −

J 2 10 (2500 10 85000 0.95 c ) m

∴ = × × − ×

J 2 10 (2.5 10 8 10 c ) m

= × × − ×

J 5 10 (1 0.032 c ) m

∴ = × − ……………….(2)

From equations (1) and (2),

1.53 10 ln 5 10 (1 0.032 )

cm c m

× = × −

     

3 ln (1 0.032 )

cm c m

     

Cm 12 15 12.5 12.

LHS 0.573 1.26 0.7 0.

RHS 0.616 0.52 0.6 0.

∴ Cm=12.2 kg/m

Surface Phenomena - Novel Separation Processes - Lecture Notes, Study notes of Learning processes

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Surface Phenomena - Novel Separation Processes - Lecture Notes and more Study notes Learning processes in PDF only on Docsity!

Chapter 1

1. Name one separation process that requires energy input to the system.

Ans: Distillation

2. Name one separation process that requires a matter as input to the system.

Ans: Coagulation

3. Define separation factor.

Ans:

i,j are two components and 1,2 are two streams.

4. What is the driving force of mass transfer?

Ans: Gradient of chemical potential.

5. For no separation, what is the value of separation factor?

Ans: 1

Chapter 2

1. Name two equilibrium governing separation processes.

Ans: Distillation, absorption.

2. Name two rate governed separation processes.

Ans: Reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration.

3. What is the difference between absorption and adsorption?

Ans: Absorption is a bulk phenomena and adsorption is a surface phenomena.

4. What is the difference between osmosis and reverse osmosis?

Ans: In osmosis, water moves from solvent to salt side. In reverse osmosis, water is

forced out of solute side by applying pressure.

5. What is driving force of dialysis?

Ans: Concentration gradient.

Chapter 3

1. What is the difference between symmetric and asymmetric membrane?

Ans: In symmetric membrane, the material is same with uniform porosity. In

asymmetric membrane, a thin skin of lower porosity over a symmetric support acts as a

membrane.

2. What is the relationship of osmotic pressure with concentration and molecular

weights?

Ans: Osmotic pressure decreases with molecular weight and increases with

concentration.

3. What is the relationship between observed and real retention?

Ans: Real retention > observed retention.

4. Consider filtration of 5 kg/m

concentration of ultrafiltration is gel layer controlled

with gel concentration of 150 kg/m

. Filtration occurs in a tube of diameter 25 mm and

length 1m. The flow rate is 150 L/h, protein diffusivity is 3x

m

/s. Find the permeate

flux?

Ans: J= Permeate flux = ln

k ln 5 = 3.4k

Estimation of k:

For tubes,

ρ u de

= = × × × =

So laminar flow

× ×

× ×

Film Theory:

Osmotic Pressure Model

∴ = × × − ×

= × × − ×

∴ = × − ……………….(2)

From equations (1) and (2),

× = × −

Cm 12 15 12.5 12.

LHS 0.573 1.26 0.7 0.

RHS 0.616 0.52 0.6 0.

Cp=0.05x12.2 =0.61 kg/m

J= 3.05x

m

/m

.s