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The concept of synchronous time division multiplexing (stdm), a technique used in telecommunications to transmit multiple signals simultaneously over a single communication channel. An overview of the key components and processes involved in stdm, including framing, bit stuffing, and demultiplexing. It also covers related topics such as buffers, clock pulses, and the mathematical formulas used to calculate the parameters of the stdm system. Targeted towards a technical audience with a background in telecommunications or digital signal processing, and could be useful as study material, lecture notes, or a reference for assignments and projects related to stdm and related topics in digital communications.
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E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٥٣ -
EMultiplexingFאW אא Wאא Kאאאאאאאאא W אא Wאאאא Kאאא J١ Kאאאאא J٢ Kאאאאאא J ٣ Kאאאאא J ٤
Wאאא K٪٩٠אא K Wא אא W אא Kאאא W אא Kאאאא
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٥٥ -
S 2
Sn Sn
S 2
S 1 S 1 MUX Ch1 Ch2 Ch n MUXDe-
(٢-٦) اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٥٦ -
E FDM Carrier Systems Fאאא١ J٢ J ٦ אאאאאאאאאא אKאאאאאאאא אאאאאאאא אאAT&Tאא אITU-Tאאאא Kאאאאאא
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٥٨ -
EMaster GroupFאא J אאאAT&T-FDMאאאא AM-SSBE٦٠٠Fא ٢٤٠٠FK٢٥٢٠K٣٣٢٤K٥٦٤א KK٢٥٢אאEK١٢٠HK אLK٢٥٠א אאאKאא KE٥ J٦Fאא
EJumbo GroupFאא J אאאAT&T-FDMאאאאא AM-SSBאE٣٦٠٠Fא ٥٤٨{٢٠٥٦٤{٣א אאE٨٦٤{١H١٢{١٥F٩٨٤{١٦ אאאK٨٣١{٢ אאאאKא KE١٠٨٠٠Fא
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٥٩ -
E Time Division Multiplexing -TDM Fאא ٣ J ٦ אאאא אאאאאאEאF EslotאFא אאאאאא W Rch. ≥ R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + - - - - - - + Rn אאאWRch. אאאאאWאא Kאאא אאאא١ J٣ J ٦ E Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing F אאאאאאא אאאאא אאאאא אאאאא אאאאאאKא אאFBuffers אאאEאKKKKKKKKK KE٦ J٦Fאאא
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٦١ -
EBit StuffingFא J אאא، אאאאא אאאא אאאKאאאא אאאא(bit stuffingFא multiplexer) אאאא אKאאאא E אאאאאא clock Fאאאאאא אאאאאKEpulses KאאאK(De-multiplexerFא
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٦٢ -
KK٤Z2f 1 Zאאא J KK٨Z2f 2 Zאא J WK٤Zאאאא J אH٢אH١אאZ א KE٩ J٦FאZ٣א
Source 1
Source 2
Source 3
t
t
t
(٩-٦) اﻟﺸﻜﻞ
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٦٤ -
WSwitched 56/ ServiceאL٥٦א E١ LK٥٦אאא אאאאאאאא אאDigital Service Unit (DSU)אא אאאאאKLK٥٦א אKאאאאאאא Kאא Jאא Jאא–אאא EDigital Data Service -DDSFאא E٢ LK٦٤אאא אKdigital leased lineאאאא Kאאאא EDigital Signal Service –DSSFאאא J אDDSDSUא Kאאאאאאאאאא אאא،אאאאאאאא W EAT&T-TDM Digital Carrier System)אאאא J ECCITT-TDM Digital Carrier Sys.Fאאאאא J
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٦٥ -
E Digital Carrier Systems-AT&T Fאאא١ J٤ J٦ אאאאאא א אאאאאא אאאאאאK אאT-1א Digital Signal Format ( DS-1) אKT-1Carrier Lineאא Wאאא K٢٤Zאאא K١ KK٤Zאא K٢ KK٨Zא K ٣ Kμ-Companding Law א١٢٨ZQ،א K ٤ K٧Zn،א K ٥ K١Zא K ٦ K١Zא K ٧ K١٩٣Z١HE١H٧F×٢٤ZNZא K ٨ KL٥٤٤{١Z١٩٣×K٨ZN.f sZRZאא K ٩ KDS-1אאאאE١١ J٦F א
Ch.1 Ch.2 Ch.24 Fb 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
193 bits 125 micro sec ١١-٦ ﺷﻜﻞ
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٦٧ -
T1-c DS-1c LK١٥٢{٣ ٤٨ אאא T2 DS-2 LK٣١٢{٦ ٩٦ J Jא T3 DS-3 LK٧٣٦{٤٤ ٦٧٢ J J T4 DS-4 LK١٧٦{٢٧٤ ٤٠٣٢ J J T5 DS-5 LK١٦{٥٦٠ ٨٠٦٤ J J אאאא ٥ J ٦ Multiplexing (STDM) Asynchronous Statistical Time-Division אאאאאאאאאאא אאאאאאא Wאאאא א،٢٠ J ٢٠אאאאאאאאאא אא١٠א،א א٪٥٠אאאא Kאא
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٦٨ -
E System Performance Fאא J אאאאאא אאאאSTDMאאאKא ،א אאאאא אkאn אאkאאאאk<n Kאאאאא אאאאא אאאאא אאאאאאא אאאKאאא אאא אאאאאא אאאאאאאא HDLCאאא אאאאאאאE١٣ J٦F K STDM
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٧٠ -
Mux. E١٥ J٦FאKאאאאאא Kאאאאא
E Multiplexing Fא אאא א
- ١٧١ -
E Synchronous Optical Network –SONET Fאאאא ٧ J ٦ א،אאאאא אCCITTאאאSONETאאא KSynchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)אאאאאא KאאאאאאSDHSONETאא Synchronous Transport אאאאאSONETא אאאL٨٤{٥١Signal Level-1 (STS-1) KאSDHSONETאאאKL SDH electrical signal
SONET Optical Bit rate M bit/sec. signal
SONET electrical signal STS – 1 OC – 1 51.84 - STS – 3 OC - 3 155.52 STM – 1 STS – 9 OC - 9 466.56 STM – 3 STS – 12 OC - 12 622.08 STM - 4 STS – 18 OC - 18 933.12 STM - 6 STS – 24 OC - 24 1244.16 STM - 8 STS – 36 OC - 36 1866.24 STM – 12 STS – 48 OC - 48 2488.32 STM – 16 STS - 192 OC - 192 9953.28 STM – 64 SDHSONET אאא ١٦אאWDMאאאא ٤٠ZL٥{٢×١٦ OC – 48א OC - 192א٣٢אא،L אאL٣٢٠ZL١٠×٣٢ KE١٦ J٦FOC – nSTS – nא