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TAMU PLPA 301 (Kolomiets) Exam 1 – Study Guide, Practice Questions & Plant Pathology Revie, Exams of Advanced Education

Abilene Christian University (ACU)Advanced Education

TAMU PLPA 301 (Kolomiets) Exam 1 – Study Guide, Practice Questions & Plant Pathology Review 2026-17.docx

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TAMU PLPA 301 (Kolomiets) Exam 1 – Study Guide,

Practice Questions & Plant Pathology Review 2026

Plant pathology studies - ANS ✔✔1. the organisms and environmental factors

that cause plant disease

2. the mechanisms by which these factors induce disease

3. the interactions between the disease-causing agent and the diseased

plant

4. the methods to prevent or control disease or minimize crop loss

abiotic factors - ANS ✔✔Abiotic: non-living, environmental factors, non-

infectious and non-transmissible

ex: temperature

moisture

light

nutrient deficiencies

mineral toxicities

soil pH

soil pollution by pesticides

improper cultural practices

biotic factor - ANS ✔✔living disease-causing pathogens

ex: virus, fungi, bacteria, nematodes

categories of organ disease - ANS ✔✔- root diseases: rots and damping off

- stem diseases: cankers and galls

- vascular diseases: wilt

- foliage diseases: chlorosis, leaf spots and blights and blasts

Discover Exams of Advanced Education Abilene Christian University (ACU)

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TAMU PLPA 301 (Kolomiets) Exam 1 – Study Guide,

Practice Questions & Plant Pathology Review 2026

Plant pathology studies - ANS ✔✔1. the organisms and environmental factors that cause plant disease

the mechanisms by which these factors induce disease
the interactions between the disease-causing agent and the diseased plant
the methods to prevent or control disease or minimize crop loss abiotic factors - ANS ✔✔Abiotic: non-living, environmental factors, non- infectious and non-transmissible ex: temperature moisture light nutrient deficiencies mineral toxicities soil pH soil pollution by pesticides improper cultural practices biotic factor - ANS ✔✔living disease-causing pathogens ex: virus, fungi, bacteria, nematodes categories of organ disease - ANS ✔✔- root diseases: rots and damping off

stem diseases: cankers and galls
vascular diseases: wilt
foliage diseases: chlorosis, leaf spots and blights and blasts

fruit diseases: rots, sunscald, spots, scurf categories of crop disease - ANS ✔✔- field crop diseases
vegetable diseases
fruit tree diseases
forest diseases
turf diseases
disease of ornamentals categories of pathogen diseases - ANS ✔✔- fungal -prokaryotic (bacteria and mycoplasmas)
parasitic higher plants
viruses and viroids (hardest to eliminate)
nematodes symptom definition - ANS ✔✔a visible abnormality of caused by a disease damping off symptoms - ANS ✔✔- seeding death pre-emergence or post- emergence from the soil
seed infected by soil borne pathogen
associated with high soil moisture agricultural practices conducive to diseases - ANS ✔✔1. low cost of production
large, crowded fields
identical genotypes

abundance: high yielding varieties

1.5 million immigrated
import of corn into ireland control of late blight of potato - ANS ✔✔copper fungicides ergot of wheat and rye host and pathogen and sign - ANS ✔✔host: wheat, rye, oats pathogen: Claviceps purpurea sign: sclerotia (fruiting body of fungus) replaces rye grain ergot of wheat and rye in humans - ANS ✔✔when consumed by humans, causes "Holy Fire" or "St. Anthony's Fire"
outbreaks of Holy fire all over europe
order of st. anthony's was created to help with holy fire relief, built over 370 hospitals
symptoms: mental aberrations hallucinations of burning skin or insects crawling under skin spontaneous abortions gangrene infections, loss of limbs ergot of wheat and rye alkaloids - ANS ✔✔- produces toxic alkaloids

LSD medicinal use: mood disorders
ergotamine: causes burning limbs, shedding nails, feet turn black and and fall off, spontaneous abortion, weight loss

cause of ergot wheat and rye - ANS ✔✔cool wet climate in europe was conducive environment for fungus ergot wheat and rye control - ANS ✔✔- clean seeds

crop rotation
deep tillage
sclerotia does not survive more than 1 year or produce spores when buried more than 4 in deep coffee rust host and pathogen and sign - ANS ✔✔host: Coffea arabica pathogen: Hemileia vastatrix (fungus, obligate parasite) sign: pustules of fungal spores in leaves cause of coffee rust in sri lanka - ANS ✔✔- both pathogen and host were introduced to new location
england developed sri lanka (celyon) for coffee plantations effect of coffee rust - ANS ✔✔- coffee production dropped from 100 million lbs in 1870 to 5 million lbs in 1889
plantations started growing tea
english drink tea symptoms of coffee rust - ANS ✔✔-premature defoliation reduced photosynthetic capacity and weakens tree
dieback of twigs or death Southern Corn leaf blight host, pathogen, and sign - ANS ✔✔host: Zea mays, corn pathogen: Cochliobolus heterostrophus

need moist, warm weather and free moisture on host tissue surface
overwinters in corn debris and on seed Southern corn leaf blight control - ANS ✔✔- resistant hybrids
residue management: crop rotation and burial of debris (fungus can sometimes survive on buried debris)
fungicide: mancozeb, propiconazole, maneb, and maneb plus zinc Chestnut Blight host, pathogen, and symptom - ANS ✔✔host: Castanea dentata (american chestnut) pathogen: Cryophonectria parasitica (Endothia parasitica) symptom: cankers that encircle the tree and cut off nutrient flow cause of Chestnut blight - ANS ✔✔- chestnut trees were everywhere in america
new varieties were brought from asia
asian varieties carried the fungus and were resistant
spread to native chestnut trees who were susceptible effects of chestnut blight - ANS ✔✔- destroyed 30 million acres of chestnut trees over 40 years
chestnut is rot resistant, destroyed forests are still standing with dead trees types of interactions - ANS ✔✔- parasitism: one takes nutrients from another, causing disease
mutualism (symbiosis): both benefit from the interaction
commensalism: one benefits and one is not affected

types of organisms - ANS ✔✔- symbiont: organism that is part of a symbiotic relationship

saprophyte: organisms that takes nutrients from dead organic matter
parasite/pathogen: organism that takes nutrients from another causing disease parasite vs. pathogen - ANS ✔✔parasite: organism that gets its nutrients from another living organism and requires that organism to live pathogen: organism that gets its nutrients from another living organism, causing disease; can live with or without a host types of parasites - ANS ✔✔- obligate parasites: can only grow in association with a host
non-obligate parasites: can survive as parasite or saprophyte
facultative parasites: primarily a saprophyte, but can be parasite under certain circumstances
facultative saprophytes: primarily a parasite, but can be a saprophyte if needed qualities of a pathogen - ANS ✔✔-pathogenecity: can it cause disease?
virulence: to what degree can it cause disease?
host specificity: range of host
compatible interactions: susceptible host and virulent pathogen, results in disease
incompatible interactions: resistant host and avirulent pathogen, no disease qualities of a host - ANS ✔✔- resistance: ability to overcome effects of a pathogen, pre-formed barriers or active responses
susceptibility: inability to resist effects of a pathogen

bacterial- fire blight of pear, europeans brought fruit to native pathogen Koch's Postulates - ANS ✔✔worked on anthrax disease of sheep

the suspected causal agent must be present in all diseased hosts
the suspected causal agent must be identified and isolated then grown in pure culture
the suspected causal agent must be introduced into a new host and produce the same disease
the suspected causal agent must be reisolated and identifies *viruses and obligate parasites cannot be identified using koch's postulate becuase they cannot be grown in pure culture, they require a host to live and grow disease triangle - ANS ✔✔- susceptible host

virulent pathogen
conducive environment must have all three or no disease will manifest environmental factors in disease - ANS ✔✔1. temperature: disease becomes more severe at some temperatures and cannot infect at other temps

moisture: some fungal spores can only germinate when there is water on leaves
wind: spreads of the pathogen, alters rate of evaporation which effects moisture
light: low light can increase susceptibility
soil pH: affects pathogen growth and survival in soil

disease cycle - ANS ✔✔1. inoculation: initial contact

penetration: through wounds or natural openings (stomata, lenticels)
infection: growth and reproduction of pathogen
dissemination: spread of pathogen
overwintering/oversummering: dormancy of pathogen over seasons that are not conducive pre-penetration and penetration - ANS ✔✔- pre-penetration: inoculum requires stimuli from host pant or environment in order to initiate infection

penetration: direct penetration (fungi), through natural openings (bacteria), wounds (bacteria and viruses) inoculum and propagule - ANS ✔✔inoculum: part of the pathogen that touches the plant and initiates infection propagule: can detach and spread to give rise to new pathogen 1* and 2* inoculum - ANS ✔✔primary: lives dormant in the winter or summer and causes the original infections in the spring or in the autumn secondary: is that produced from primary infections monocyclic and polycyclic pathogens - ANS ✔✔monocyclic: reproduces once in a growing season polycyclic: reproduces multiple times in a growing season latent period - ANS ✔✔period of incubation between infection and when you are able to see symptoms physical vs chemical stimuli for infection - ANS ✔✔physical: powdery mildew form appressorium when stomata sensed

host specific vs non-host specific toxins - ANS ✔✔- host specific: toxic to only one or a few hosts ex: pathogen of Cochliobolis victoria, produces toxin victorin, infects oats with resistance to crown rust

non-host specific: toxic to a range of plant species (isolated toxin can infect a plant not susceptible to its pathogen) ex: wildlife disease of tobacco, Pseudomonas tabaci produces toxin tabtoxin inhibits glutamine synthesis which all plants have two barriers that delayed discovery of bacteria causing disease - ANS ✔✔- routine culture of bacteria: isolation and culture of pure bacteria strains was not invented until robert koch
high quality light microscopes had not been invented until thomas burrill prokaryote vs eukaryote - ANS ✔✔- prokaryote: no membrane bound organelles, cell wall made of amino acids and sugars, cytoplasm filled with ribosomes
eukaryote: membrane bound organelles, plant cell wall made of polysaccharides gram positive vs gram negative bacteria - ANS ✔✔- gram -: have thin peptidoglycan and possess LPS and an outer membrane
gram +: have thick peptidoglycan, lack LPS and outer membrane (easier stained and more sensitive to antibiotics) genral controls for bacterial diseases - ANS ✔✔- host resistance: genes for resistance, necrotrophs require more resistance genes
sanitation
crop rotation
vector control
seed sterilization: most bacterial pathogens are seed-borne

chemical control: antibiotics (not widely used, can kill beneficial bacteria, bacteria can evolve resistance)
biological control: find organism that can outcompete pathogen seven genera of plant pathogenic bacteria - ANS ✔✔- agrobacteria
clavibacter
erwinia and pectobacterium
pseudomonas
xanthomonas
streptomyces
xyella dissemination of bacterial pathogens - ANS ✔✔often spread by vectors transportation of seed often seed borne or soil borne Pseudomonas Citrus Bacterial Blast - ANS ✔✔- pathogen: Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae
punctures fruit and leaves black spots
cankers serve as inoculum
control: cooper based sprays, trimming of canker Pseudomonas Bacterial Speck of tomato - ANS ✔✔- pathogen: Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
produces coronatine which induces chlorosis, stomata cannot open
control: clean seed, sanitation, copper based sprays

Ice nucleation-active (INA) - ANS ✔✔- temperature virulence factor

causes frost injury to plants by making them more susceptible to freezing temperatures
plant cells can rupture due to due to frost damage
pathogens: P. syringae, and P. flourescens Southern Bacterial Wilt - ANS ✔✔- pathogen: Ralstonia solanacearum -produces auxin and cytokinin which cut off vascular system
control: avoidance (plant in cool climates) eradication (crop rotation) exclusion (disease free seeds) resistant varieties biological control (genetically engineered avirulent R. salanacearum) Fire Blight of Pear - ANS ✔✔- pathogen: Erwinia amylovora
pathogen native to N. America
europeans brought crops of pears and apples to N. america
blackening of twigs and leaves, cankers of bacterial ooze
control: biocontrol agent P. flourescens E. amylovora and P. flourescens as a biocontrol agent - ANS ✔✔- has to occupy the same ecological niche
can outcompete or antagonize E. amyovora
can be applied prior to arrival of E. amylovora as a protectant
has resistance to antibiotics and is able to be used with other control methods

crown gall infection - ANS ✔✔- pathogen: A. tumefaciens

wounded plant releases phenolic compound (acetosyringone)
A. tumefaciens attracted to phenolic compound
enters into plant through wound
only dicots produce this compound A. tumefaciens produces galls - ANS ✔✔- agrobacteria transfers a TI plasmid into the host cell which inserts itself into the host genome
change in genome causes host plant to produce oncogenic compounds of auxin and cytokinin for gall formation and opine for bacteria nutrients TI plasmid - ANS ✔✔- origin of replication: where replication is initiated
virulence region: sensing phenolic compounds, transfers DNA to plant
left T-DNA border: start of T-region
auxin production: cell enlargement
cytokinin production: cell division
opine synthesis: amino acid synthesis for agrobacteria
right T-DNA border: end of T-region
conjugative transfer: exchange of plasmids
opine catabolism: degrades opine for consumption T-DNA/T-region - ANS ✔✔part of the TI plasmid that is removed and inserted into the host plant cell
consists of the ocnogenic genes and opine synthesis region
can be removed and replaced with a more desirable genetic engineering opines in agrobacteria - ANS ✔✔- modified amino acids that the pathogen can use as a carbon and nitrogen source

TAMU PLPA 301 (Kolomiets) Exam 1 – Study Guide, Practice Questions & Plant Pathology Revie, Exams of Advanced Education

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download TAMU PLPA 301 (Kolomiets) Exam 1 – Study Guide, Practice Questions & Plant Pathology Revie and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!

TAMU PLPA 301 (Kolomiets) Exam 1 – Study Guide,

Practice Questions & Plant Pathology Review 2026