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Republic of the Philippines
CAVITE STATE UNIVERSITY
Don Severino delas Alas Campus Indang, Cavite DESIGN AND DEVELOPMENT OF APIS MELLIFERA BEEHIVE PROTECTION SYSTEM Undergraduate Design Project Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Engineering and Information Technology Cavite State University Indang, Cavite In partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering Caballero, Dexter A. Esporas, Javibe M. Gonzalvo, Charles David M. Madlangbayan, Marc Ian. M BSCPE 4 – 1 December 2025
ii (approval Sheet page)
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BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Mr. Charles David Gonzalvo was born on October 27, 2001, and is a resident of General Trias City, Cavite. He completed his junior high school education at New Buenavista Academy in 2018. He continued his studies at Immaculate Conception Academy, where he graduated from senior high school in 2020. In the same year, he enrolled in the Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering program at Cavite State University – Indang Campus. His pursuit of this field reflects his interest in technology and system development. Throughout his college years, he has consistently demonstrated reliability and adaptability in both academic and collaborative work. As a member of the research group, he served as a Researcher and contributed to data collection, system conceptualization, and manuscript writing. He remains committed to further enhancing his skills and knowledge as he continues to grow in the field of computer engineering.
v
BIOGRAPHICAL DATA
Mr. Javibe M. Esporas was born on October 9, 2002, and resides in General Trias City, Cavite. He completed his junior high school studies at Governor Ferrer Memorial National High School in 2018. He continued his academic journey at Fiat Lux Academe of General Trias Inc., where he pursued the Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) strand and graduated in 2020. In the same year, he began his Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering degree at Cavite State University – Indang Campus. His decision to pursue this field reflects his interest in technology, system development, and innovation. Throughout his academic experience, he has consistently shown perseverance and dedication in improving his technical knowledge. As a member of the research team, he served as one of the researchers responsible for data gathering, system development contributions, and manuscript preparation. He remains committed to expanding his skills and contributing to advancements in the field of computer engineering.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researchers would like to extend their heartfelt gratitude to all individuals and institutions whose support, guidance, and encouragement have been instrumental throughout the course of this research. Our deepest appreciation goes to our adviser, Ma’am Sheryl D. Fenol, for her unwavering support, expert guidance, and insightful advice. Her dedication to our academic development and research excellence has been a constant source of inspiration. We are also sincerely thankful to our technical critic, Ma’am Michele Bono, whose expertise in beekeeping—particularly with Apis mellifera —greatly contributed to the successful implementation of our system. Our gratitude also goes to Sir Dixon and Ma’am Bridgette for their valuable support and insights regarding bee behavior, which helped shape the foundation of this study. We would like to acknowledge Ma’am Marivic G. Dizon, Sir Andy A. Dizon, and Ma’am Florence M. Banasihan for their constructive feedback and suggestions, which significantly enhanced the quality of our research. To Dr. Willie C. Buclatin, thank you for your exemplary leadership and for fostering an environment conducive to research and academic growth. Your belief in our potential has been a powerful motivator throughout this journey. To our families, your unconditional love, understanding, and unwavering support have been our greatest source of strength. We are deeply grateful for your constant encouragement and belief in us. To our friends, thank you for your camaraderie, moral support, and motivation. Your presence has made this academic journey more meaningful and enjoyable. Above all, we give thanks to God, whose grace, wisdom, and blessings have
viii guided and sustained us through every challenge and success. Finally, the researchers express their profound appreciation to everyone who has contributed—directly or indirectly—to the completion of this study. Your support has played a vital role in our academic and personal growth.
x bee colonies. The study showcases how modern technologies—such as machine learning, computer vision, and drones—can be effectively combined to address pressing environmental and agricultural challenges.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET ...................................................................................................ii BIOGRAPHICAL DATA ............................................................................................iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................vi ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................viii LIST OF TABLES .......................................................................................................xii LIST OF FIGURES .....................................................................................................xiv LIST OF APPENDICES .............................................................................................xv LIST OF APPENDIX FIGURES ................................................................................xvi LIST OF APPENDIX TABLES .................................................................................xvii INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................... 1 Background of the Study ............................................................................... 1 Significance of the Problem .......................................................................... 4 Objective of the Study ................................................................................... 4 Time and Place of the Study ......................................................................... 7 Scope and Limitation ..................................................................................... 7 Definition of Technical Terms ........................................................................ 9 Conceptual Framework .................................................................................. 12 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ................................................................... 14 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................ 29 Research Design ............................................................................................ 29 Materials .......................................................................................................... 30 System Design ............................................................................................... 34 Design Considerations .................................................................................. Design Model of the Beehive Protection System ....................................... Sound Effectiveness Evaluation ................................................................... Beehive Protection System Flowchart .........................................................
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SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION ................................... 14
Summary .......................................................................................................... Conclusion ........................................................................................................ Recommendation ............................................................................................ REFERENCES ............................................................................................................ APPENDICES ..............................................................................................................
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page 1 Price breakdown of a single Apis mellifera bee colony and hive components, adapted from Rodriguez et al. (2021) ........................ 32 2 Rubric for evaluating sound effectiveness based on amplitude strength and difference between target and background frequency ranges .............................................................................................. (^45) 3 Summary of sound deterrent evaluations, showing amplitude and ΔA values with corresponding qualitative ratings.............................. 46 4 Computed amplitude variability, spectral flux, zero-crossing rate, and resulting WVI scores for each sound deterrent tested..........................................................................................
(^5) Rubric for assessing waveform variability using the Waveform
Variability Index (WVI) and qualitative interpretation....................... 48
(^6) Data Recording Template for Hive Weight Comparison (Pre- vs. Post-Test) .................................................................................. 57 7 Data Recording Template for Cumulative Net Weight Change (Weekly)........................................................................................... 57 (^8) Template for Descriptive Statistics of Net Weight Change............... 58 9 Hive Weight Gain per Colony (kg).................................................... 89 10 Cumulative Net Weight Change (kg) Relative to Baseline (Bn, Week 1, September 16) ............................................................................. 90 (^11) Descriptive Statistics of Net Weight Change (Protected vs. 92
xvi range and maintained sound pressure levels (SPL) at the last distance measured..................................................................... 107 24 Evaluation rubrics of measurement accuracy for the deterrent sound output from the Speaker.................................................. 109 25 Evaluation results of measurement accuracy for the deterrent sound output from the Speaker.................................................. 110 26 Evaluation rubrics of deterrent sounds based on measured loudness at 1 meter and their practical and safety for field use.............................................................................................. 110 27 Evaluation Results of deterrent sounds based on measured loudness at 1 meter and their practical effectiveness and safety for field use............................................................................................ 111 28 Summary of measured and predicted sound pressure levels (dB) of various deterrent sounds at different distances................................ 112 29 Rubric for evaluating sound effectiveness based on amplitude strength and difference between target and background frequency ranges............................................................................................... 114 30 Summary of sound deterrent evaluations, showing amplitude and ΔA values with corresponding qualitative ratings............................................................................................... 114 31 Rubric for assessing waveform variability using the Waveform Variability Index (WVI) and qualitative interpretation........................ 116 32 Summary of sound deterrent evaluations for waveform-based effectiveness ratings on all sound samples...................................... 117 33 Test Cases for Evaluation of Sound Activation and Results............ 119 34 Test Cases for Evaluation of Drone Defense Layer and Results..... 121
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Test Cases for Evaluation of Data Logging Capability and Results. 120 36 Test Cases for Evaluation of Response Time and Results.............. 122 37 Test Cases for Evaluation of System Stability and Results.............. 123 38 Evaluation of the functional suitability of the system........................ 125 39 Evaluation of the performance efficiency of the system................... 126 40 Evaluation of the reliability of the system......................................... 127 41 Evaluation of the usability (operability) of the system....................... 127 42 Overall evaluation summary............................................................. 128 43 Calculated cost for Apis mellifera Beehive Protection System ........ 129
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18 On-site installation of the system pole containing the two
cameras and horn speaker, with cable routing connected
to the system chassis...................................................... 62
19 On-site placement of the system chassis containing the
core processing unit and essential electronics................. 63
20 Beehive Activity Zones and Foraging Radius.................... 65
21 Recorded Bird Sighting Locations Near the
Apiary............ 66
22 Camera coverage mapping (top) and corresponding
actual camera view (bottom) for the first field-of-view
(FOV) configuration .......................................................... 67
23 Camera coverage mapping (top) and corresponding
actual camera view (bottom) for the second field-of-view
(FOV) configuration .......................................................... 68
24 Camera coverage mapping (top) and corresponding
actual camera view (bottom) for the third field-of-view
(FOV) configuration .......................................................... 69
25 Camera coverage mapping (top) and corresponding
actual camera view (bottom) for the fourth field-of-view
(FOV) configuration .......................................................... 70
26 Camera coverage mapping (top) and corresponding
actual camera view (bottom) for the fifth field-of-view
(FOV) configuration .......................................................... 71
27 Camera coverage mapping (top) and corresponding
actual camera view (bottom) for the sixth field-of-view
(FOV) configuration .......................................................... 72
28 Gradient map of the common foraging flight path of bees,
showing areas of high to low bee concentration from red to
green................................................................................. 73
29 Pre-labeling of the first batch of the dataset by annotating the
bird present in each image. ............................................... 77
30 Dataset Sample View. Representative images from the
training set showing the two primary classifications: "No_bird" (background/negative) and "With_bird" (target/positive)............
31 Training and Validation Losses Results Summary conditions.. 81
32 Precision and Recall performance metrics results..................... 82
33 Plotted graph of the F1-Confidence Curve.......................... 84
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34 Plotted graph of the Precision-Confidence Curve............... 86
35 Plotted graph of the Recall-Confidence Curve.................... 87
36 Field Deployment Performance: Confusion Matrix of the
System during the Morning (Sunny) Trial................................... 85
37 Field Deployment Performance: Confusion Matrix of the
System during the Afternoon (Overcast) Trial............................ 88
38 Average cumulative weight change of Protected vs.
Unprotected colonies, with error bars indicating standard
deviation.................................................................................... 93
39 Daily frequency of M. philippinus detections and system
response levels (Sound and Drone Deterrents), showing the
operational timeline.................................................................... 95
40 Linear regression analysis of daily predator detections............^97
41 Combined Waveform and Frequency Spectrum Analysis of
Recorded Audio Samples......................................................... 118
