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A concise review of various drug classes, including antimalarials, antiprotozoals, alkylating agents, antimetabolites, antineoplastic antibiotics, mitotic inhibitors, hormones and hormone modulators, ace inhibitors, arbs, calcium channel blockers, vasodilators, beta-blockers, digitalis glycosides, antiarrhythmics, nitrates, bile acid sequestrants, hmg-coa reductase inhibitors, and cholesterol absorption inhibitors. For each class, it outlines the action, use, adverse effects, interactions, and interventions/education. This information is useful for students studying pharmacology and preparing for exams, offering a quick reference guide to key drug characteristics and considerations. Structured to facilitate easy recall and understanding of essential pharmacological concepts, making it a valuable resource for both initial learning and exam preparation. It covers a wide range of medications, providing a comprehensive overview of their mechanisms and clinical applications.
Typology: Exams
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Class: Antimalarial -oquine Action: Inhibits reproduction Use: Treats Malaria Adverse effects: -retinotherapy -hepatic dysfunction -incrased psoriasis exacerbation Interactions: -Combination quinine=risk for cardiac toxicity & convulstions Interventions/Education: -take 1-2 weeks prior to travel; 4-6 weeks after -regular eye exams -monitor liver enzymes: AST/ALT -take with meals - ANSWERS-chloroquine Class: Antiprotozoal
-azole Action: Inhibits protein synthesis Use: Treats amebiasis, trichonomiasis, and giardiasis Adverse effects: -GI distress -Metallic taste -Dark, reddish brown urine -Superinfection (C-diff--watery stools) -headaches, dizziness Interactions: -No alcohol -Warfarin: increased risk of bleeding Interventions/Education: -Partner needs to be treated simultaneously -Evaluate stool specimen -Take w/food -Stop taking if Ataxia (loss of control of bodily movements) occurs
Use: Most useful in treating slow-growing cancers Adverse effects: -Bone marrow suppression -Increased uric acid levels (pain) -CNS & tremors, confusion -Alopecia -hepatotoxicity -secondary cancer -pallor -SOB Interactions: -none to know Interventions/Education: -PPE (carcinogenic) -Patient safety (tremors, confusion) -Allopurinol for uric acid (gout) -Monitor for anemia, leukopenia, throbocytopenia -Monitor for infection - ANSWERS-chlorambucil Class: Antimetabolites
-no stem Action: Inhibit folic acid role in DNA synthesis Use: Treatment of cancer (also used for lupus and RA) Adverse effects: -Bone marrow suppression -CNS effects (drowsiness, dizziness, fatigue) -Alopecia Interactions: -none to know Interventions/Education: -Use an effective contraceptive (back up) - ANSWERS- methoterexate Class: Antineoplastic antibiotics -rubicin Action: Interferes with DNA synthesis Use: Treat cancer
-alopecia Interactions: -none to know Interventions/Education: -PPE - ANSWERS-vincristine Class: Hormones & Hormone modulators -no stem Action: Competes w/estrogen for binding sites in target issues Use: Treat cancer (breast cancer) Adverse effects: -Menopaused associated symptoms -CVA/PE (strokes from clots) -Bruising Interactions: -oral anticoagulants= increased risk for bleeding
Interventions/Education: -none to know - ANSWERS-tamoxifen Class: ACE Inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme) -pril Action: Blocks ACE from converting Angiotensin I to II; decreases vascular resistance Use: Treats blood pressure and CHF Adverse effects: -hypotension -angiodema (tongue/pharynx; edema in lips) -GI irritation/ulcers -hyperkalemia -orthostatic hypotension -dry cough Interactions: -NSAIDS= decrease effect -Allopurinol= may increase hypersensitivities and infections
Interventions/Education: -No grapefruit juice -Monitor for infection/cold -Fall risk -African Americans respond better to ARBs than ACE Inhibitors -Hold if systolic <90 - ANSWERS-losartan Class: Calcium Channel Blockers (CCB) -dipine Action: Inhibits movement of Ca into smooth muscles; arterial dilation Use: Treats blood pressure (also effects HR) Adverse effects: -R/t effects of Cardiac Output: -hypotension -bradycardia -peripheral edema Interactions:
-Digoxin/Beta-blockers= increased risk of cardiac depression Interventions/Education: -No grapefruit juice -rise slowly -fall risk -Hold if HR is below 60 - ANSWERS-diltiazem amlodipine Class: Vasodilators nitro- Action: Acts directly on vascular smooth muscle to cause vasodilation Use: Treats CHF Adverse effects: -R/t changes in BP: -dizziness, syncope -headache, migraines -palpitations -diaphoresis (profuse sweating)
-clonidine= dangerous elevations in blood pressure Interventions/Education: -know BP and HR before -rise slowly -fall risk 15 mins to work - ANSWERS-metoprolol Class: Digitalis glycosides "dig" Action: Enhances movement of Ca into cell to enhance force of muscle contraction, but slows HR Use: Treat CHF Adverse effects: -weakness, drowsiness -headache -anorexia -visual disturbance (green/yellow haze) -irregular movements
Interactions: -none to know Interventions/Education: -monitor therapeutic and K+ levels -daily weight -slow IV (5 minutes) -BP and HR (hold if apical HR <60; measure 1 minute) -toxicity shows w/anorexia - ANSWERS-Digoxin Class: Class I Antiarrhythmias -no stem Action: Block the Na channels in the cell membrane during an action potential decreasing automaticity of ventricular cells Use: Treat arrhythmias, for v-fib and v-tach Adverse effects: -hypotension -vasodilation -bradycardia, cardiac arrest
Interactions: -may mask signs of hypoglycemia Interventions/Education: -Monitor glucose in pt w/diabetes mellitus -no asthma patients - ANSWERS-propranolol Class: Class III Antiarrhythmias -darone Action: Block K+ channels and slow the outward movement of K+ during phase 3 of the action potential; prolongs action potential Use: treat arrhythmias Adverse effects: -dizziness, weakness -nausea/vomiting -pulmonary toxicity -arrhythmias, cardiac arrest -hepatotoxicity
Interactions: -Digoxin, Quinidine: toxicity -Antihistamines, Antidepressants= incraese risk for arryhtmias -incompatible w/heparin Interventions/Education: -monitor BP and Respiratory status very closely - ANSWERS- amiordarone Class: Class IV Antiarrhythmias -no stem Action: Block Ca channels in the cell membrane Use: treat arrhytmias Adverse effects: -effects under BP meds Interactions: -none to know Interventions/Education:
Interventions/Education: -Do not mix with other drugs -sublingual or buccal may sting/burn, but OK -Check exp. date (replace in 6 months) -do not chew -topical=war gloves, do not rub; cover with plastic; rotate sites -up to 3 does 5 mins apart -apply to hear with no hair -store in dark container stop, rest, take nitro; 1-3 mins doesn't work take another; 1- mins doesn't work take a final and call 911 - ANSWERS- nitroglycerin Class: Bile Acid Sequestrants (BAS) chole-, cole- Action: Binds bile acids in intestine; allows cholesterol excretion in feces Use: lipid-lowering agent Adverse effects: -increased bleeding times
-constipation -Abd pain/bloating Interactions: -interfere with absorption of vitamin K and other meds Interventions/Education: -Administer other oral meds 4 hours after to avoid drug interactions -Administer 1 hour before food -Instruct to report constipation immediately; increase fiber intake and fluids - ANSWERS-cholestyramine Class: HMG-CoA Reductase -statin Action: Inhibits HMG-CoA enzyme in liver that makes cholesterol (antagonist) Use: lipid-lowering agent Adverse effects: -GI symptoms: Flatulance, abdominal pain, cramps, nausea, and constipation
