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psychology
study(science) of behavior and experience TERM 2
behavior
DEFINITION 2 -directly observable (stuff you can see)-non-dagnostic most is constrained by the situations we're in anything an organism does TERM 3
experience
DEFINITION 3 stuff you can't see thought process state of mind internal, subjective experience we infer from behavior TERM 4
affective nature
DEFINITION 4 emotional state or experience broadly perceived unconscious nature TERM 5
altered state
DEFINITION 5 senses are dulled/accentuated compared to normal consciousness ex. alcohol consumption, vigorous exercise can alter physical chemistry too
naturalistic observation
observe carefully, systematically, and in detailed fashion TERM 7
clinical studies
DEFINITION 7 50% of psychologists are TERM 8
psychotherapists
DEFINITION 8 make day-to-day living through psychological services usually work in private clinics counseling and community TERM 9
counseling
DEFINITION 9 tend to deal with less sever pysch probe use more short term therapies similar to clinical psychologist TERM 10
community
DEFINITION 10 emphasis on prevention, not curing
physiological psychologists
physiology cause psychology psychoactive drugs cause different mind sets puberty hormones change your sexual feelings TERM 17
psychophysiologists
DEFINITION 17 psychology cause physiology surprise causes part of brain to heat up TERM 18
psychopharmacologists
DEFINITION 18 study effects of drugs on behavior and experience like tobacco, caffeine, drugs, prozac, valium (pseudo legal), cocaine (illegal) look at dosage effects, short-term & long-term effects TERM 19
comparative psychology
DEFINITION 19 focus on comparing various forms of behavior across animal species can apes/gorillas compare to humans? degree to which parents protect young TERM 20
developmental studies
DEFINITION 20 physical, cognitive, moral, social changes across lifespan egocentricism moral reasoning
egocentricism
everyone can see what i see, everyone knows what i know seen often in children TERM 22
moral reasoning
DEFINITION 22 man steals food so family can eat child finds morally wrong adults find neither wrong nor right TERM 23
experimental and cognitive studies
DEFINITION 23 focus on very basic psychological processes that allow us to learn, remember, and use info to pursue various goals decision making, sensation, problem solving TERM 24
educational and school studies
DEFINITION 24 specialize in principles of psychological functioning in educational setting design curriculum help students with disabilities TERM 25
industrial - organizational studies
DEFINITION 25 specialize in the principles of psychological functioning in the work place leads to less absences, less theft, fewer strikes, fewer turn overs
environmental studies
specialize in studying effects of environment on behavior and experience crowding noise pollution TERM 32
crowding
DEFINITION 32 too many people in one place changes our behavior (get nervous, quiet, frustrated) TERM 33
noise pollution
DEFINITION 33 jackhammers outside your window (can't solve math problem or logic problem) TERM 34
sports studies
DEFINITION 34 study athletic performance and try to understand when athletes will reach the peak of their athletic performance arousal or getting psyched up is better and better to a point, after point performance goes down want to build confidence TERM 35
consumer studies
DEFINITION 35 specialize in principles of psychological functioning within the market place allocating assets intergenerational effects
allocating assets
comparing purchases spring break vs. car TERM 37
intergenerational effects
DEFINITION 37 no research, but by imitating trusted others found 70% of newlyweds get car insurance from same company that husband's father gets it from TERM 38
where psychologists work
DEFINITION 38 universities = 29%private practices = 29%mental health facilities = 24%schools = 4%business = 3%government = 11%memorize this will be on test TERM 39
unique characteristics of field
DEFINITION 39 exceptionally broadmultilayerednomothetic vs. idiographic (psych does both**) TERM 40
exceptionally
broad
DEFINITION 40 -psychology studies from cell to society-psychology is an intellectual coherent study
scatterplots
pictorial representation of the relationship between two variables TERM 47
coefficients
DEFINITION 47 numerical representation of relationship between two variables TERM 48
0 = no relationship
DEFINITION 48 two variables are unrelated TERM 49
+ = direct relationship
DEFINITION 49 as values on one variable go up, values on the other variable also go up (or vice versa) TERM 50
- = inverse relationship
DEFINITION 50 as values on one variable go up, values on the other variable go down ( and vice versa)
causal inference
whenever two variables are correlated could mean that A causes B, or B causes A exposure to TV violence causes aggression number of bars causes number of churches in a city another variable, C causes both A and B third variable could be anxiety level or disposition TERM 52
correlation DOESN'T imply
causation
DEFINITION 52 just because two variables are correlated does not imply that A causes B or B causes A**causation DOES imply correlation**** TERM 53
find you're wrong as quickly, cheaply, easily
as possible
DEFINITION 53 strong correlation # in 1st small experiment doesn't mean you're right, but you exposed yourself to the possibility of being wrong and aren't yet so now you spend more money, take more time, do more difficult experiments TERM 54
on exam
DEFINITION 54 what correlation coefficient indicates the strongest relationship between two variables? A. r = -. B. r =. C. r =. D. r =. TERM 55
experiments
DEFINITION 55 situations that are set up precisely so that we can draw causal inferences with highest degree of confidence/certainty possible logic of experimentations is super simple -ex. a drug increases running speed two groups of people that are identical except one group gets drug and one doesn't then they are tested in running
genotype
-complete collection of genes we inherit from biological parents-genes themselves, can't see this TERM 62
phenotype
DEFINITION 62 -physical expression of those genes inherited from biological parents-physical, can see this TERM 63
behavior genetics
DEFINITION 63 study of genetic transmission of things psychological rather than physical-ex. inherit not physical traits of parents but musical taste or food preference TERM 64
john locke
DEFINITION 64 tabula rasa* blank slate -** what a newborn is like start out same and end up different after birth, environment around us shapes us TERM 65
john watson
DEFINITION 65 give me 100 new born infants and complete control over their environment and i can turn them into anything you want-went along with john locke's tabula rasa theory
rene descarte
**nativism***** newborn is completely self-centered and egotistic and is solly and completely concerned with immediate gratification of own needs not anybody else society develops mechanisms to constrain natural impulses mechanisms: parents, religious institutions, societal norms, laws TERM 67
jean jacque roussea
**DEFINITION 67 noble savage***** at birth, newborn is most beautiful thing ever born social-able, helpful, supportive, forgiving, god's image society screws it up TERM 68
animal studies
DEFINITION 68 inbred strainsselective breeding TERM 69
inbred strains
DEFINITION 69 logic - start with group of animals that have different genotypes, but raise them from birth in absolutely identical environments then observe any difference is due to genetics start with large group of mice, mate siblings and of children mate siblings, etc. after many generations, end up with pure strains difference in sexual behavior TERM 70
pure strains
DEFINITION 70 virtually identical genotype within groups, but virtually no overlap across groups
2 schools of psychology
structuralism and functionalism TERM 77
introspection
DEFINITION 77 looking inward somewhat unreliable required smart verbal people and result varied from person to person faded, and so did structuralism TERM 78
william james
DEFINITION 78 more fruitful to consider evolved functions of our thoughts and feelings influenced by charles darwin assumed thinking developed because it was adaptive consciousness serves as a function TERM 79
functionalist
DEFINITION 79 encouraged explorations of down-to-earth emotions, memories, willpower, habits, and moment-to-moment streams of consciousness TERM 80
cognitive revolution
DEFINITION 80 rebellion of second group of psychologists during 1960s cognitive psychology scientifically explores the ways we perceive, process, and remember info
cognitive neuroscience
interdisciplinary study enriched understanding of brain activity underlying mental activity TERM 82
nature-nurture issue
DEFINITION 82 are human traits present at birth, or do they develop through experience? TERM 83
natural selection
DEFINITION 83 nature selects best enable an organism to survive and reproduce in a particular environment TERM 84
biopsychosocial approach
DEFINITION 84 three different levels of analysis that circulate around behavior/mental process biological influences psychological influences socio-cultural influences TERM 85
biological influence
DEFINITION 85 -natural selection of adaptive traits-genetic predispositions responding to environment-brain mechanisms-hormonal influences
personality psychologists
experimenting with how we perceive, think, solve TERM 92
social psychologists
DEFINITION 92 exploring how we view and affect one another TERM 93
applied research
DEFINITION 93 tackling practical problems TERM 94
industrial-organizational psychologists
DEFINITION 94 use psychology's concepts and methods in workplace TERM 95
counseling psychologists
DEFINITION 95 help people cope with challenges and criss and to improve their personal and social functioning
counseling psychologist
help people cope with challenges and criss and to improve their personal and social functioning TERM 97
clinical psychologists
DEFINITION 97 help people cope with challenges and crisis and to improve their personal and social functioning TERM 98
psychiatrists
DEFINITION 98 -medical doctors-licensed to prescribe drugs and otherwise treat physical causes of psychological disorders TERM 99
positive psychology
DEFINITION 99 explores "positive emotions, positive character traits, and enabling institutions" TERM 100
community psychologists
DEFINITION 100 work to create social and physical environments that are healthy for all
