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Zygomycota
-Common Name: Zygomycetes-Cross Walls (Septa): No-
Sexual Structure: Zygospore-Sexual Spore: Zygospore-
Asexual Spore: Sporangiospore-Representative Genera:
Rhizopus
TERM 2
Ascomycota
DEFINITION 2
-Common Name:Ascomycetes, sac fungi-Cross Walls
(Septa):Yes-Sexual Structure:Ascus-Sexual Spore:Ascospore-
Asexual Spore:Conidia-Representative
Genera:Saccharomyces, Aspergillus, Penicillin
TERM 3
Basidiomycota
DEFINITION 3
-Common Name:Basidiomycetes, club fungi-Cross Walls
(Septa):Yes-Sexual Structure:Basidium-Sexual
Spore:Basidiospore-Asexual Spore:Conidia, Hyphal
fragments-Representative Genera:Agaricus, Amanita
TERM 4
Dermatophytosis (Tineas)
DEFINITION 4 Causative Agent: Dermatophytes : Epidermophyton, Microsporum, TrichophytonSymptoms:Blister-like lesions on skin, hair, nails with some fluidTransmission:Fragments of skin on floors or surfaces or fomites (inanimate objects) Can aftect cats/dogs & give it to humansTreatment:Changing the skin envoirnment (moisture, pH etc)Prevention:Keeping skin dry, not sharing personal itemsAKA Ring Worms OR Tinea Infections, including: athletes foot, jock itch, nail, head, groin, body ringworm. Seen in wrestlers TERM 5
Candidiasis
DEFINITION 5 Causative Agent:Candida albicansSymptoms:Itching, burning pain, "cheesy" dischargeTransmission:SexuallyTreatment:NystatinPrevention:Avoiding baths and hot tubs and douches-It's present in the mouth, skin, vagina, GI tract of healthy beings-3rd most prevalent nosocomial bloodstream infection in US-Happens when immune system is compromised or microbial populations in the body change. EX: VULVOVAGINITIS (yeat infection) Itching burning, redness, seen in girls going through puberty
Thrush (Oral
Candidiasis)
Causative Agent:Candida albicansSymptoms:White flecks on mucous membranes (cheese-like curds)Transmission:Passage through the birth canal or contaminated objects (common in newborns)Treatment:No treatment in children, unsweetened yogurtPrevention:Practicing good hygiene, limiting sugar intake- Sidenote: Excessive antibiotic use may decrease protective bacteria in the vagina and intestine, allowing C.albicans to flourish-Onchya:Caused by albicans that produces hardening, browning, and distorition of fingernails in people who have close contact w/ h2o TERM 7
Sporotrichosis
DEFINITION 7 Causative Agent:Sporothrix schenckiiSymptoms:Pus filled, purplish lesions, swelling of the tissues may occur (edema)Transmission:From plant material harboring the fungusTreatment:Itraconazole, Amphotericin BPrevention:Wearing long sleeves and gloves while working with suspect materials or vegetation -"Rose Sorter's Disease". Deep tissue injury of thorns of people working with wood, soil, peat (outside in nature) when they're infected w/ spores that cause the lesions. TERM 8
Cryptococcosis
DEFINITION 8 Causative Agent:Cryptococcus neoformansSymptoms:Asymptomatic or Opportunistic infection when the funi passes the bloodstream and into the meninges& brain it leads to severe headache, stiff neck, paralysis (Affect lungs & meninges)Transmission:Airborne cells (to the air sacs of lungs)Treatment:Amphotericin BPrevention:Maintaining strong immune system -C.neoformans is found in urban soil and pigeon droppings. TERM 9
Histoplasmosis
DEFINITION 9 Causative Agent:Histoplasma capsulatumSymptoms:Mild influenza-like illness, can disseminate to other organsTransmission:Airborne cells found dry, dusty soil, or air of chicken coops and bat caves (Costa Rica ex.)Treatment:Amphotericin B or ketaconazole for systemic diseasePrevention:Wearing face mask in contaminated areas"aka summer flu" can cause severe illnesses in the immune compromised TERM 10
Blastomycosis
DEFINITION 10 Causative Agent:Blastomyces dematitidisSymptoms:Lung lesions w/ persistent cough, chest pains, chronic pneumonia, wart-like lesions in face, legs, hands. Can lead to pneumoniaTransmission:Airborne cells of dusty soil (barns and sheds) and bird droppings or through cuts/abbraisonsTreatment:Amphotericin BPrevention:Wearing face mask in contaminated areas-Seen in Canada, Great Lakes.-Healing is generally spontaneous
Fungal Growth Factors
-Fungi acquire their nutrients through absorption either as
saprobes or pathogens.-Must fungi are aerobic, can gro w/
O2 or under fermentation conditions (except for facultative
yeast)-Most grow at room temp (pathogenic=37C body
temp)-Psychrophilic fungi (prefer to grow at cold temps) grow
in the fridge-Thrive at slightly acidic pH (5-6)
TERM 17
Ascomycetes
DEFINITION 17
They account for 75% of known fungi including:-Baker's
Yeast-Fungus that produces aflatoxin-The edible morel-The
mold that produces penicillin-Candida albicans, the cause of
thrush, diaper rash, and vaginitis
TERM 18
Ascomycetes factors
DEFINITION 18
-Conidia through asexual reproduction-Ascospore through
sexual reproduction-Make up 75% of fungi-Contain aflatoxin
(aspergillus flavus) Its a fungal contaminant of nuts and
stored grain that is both a toxina nd the most potent known
natural carcinogen
TERM 19
Chytridiomycota (1) & Glomeromycota
DEFINITION 19
1. Oldest known fungi. Have motile flagellated cells.2. Exist
in almost every plant's roots, they don't kill them but interact
mutually
TERM 20
Mycotoxins&Ergotism
DEFINITION 20 -They are fungal toxins-Aflatoxins are mycotoxins (produced by Aspergillius flavus and parasiticus) which are carcinogens that contaminate products (peanuts and others)-Ergotism: Caused by Claviceps purpurea, an ascomycete fungus producing a powerful toxinwhich grown on grains (black rust mold)-Ergot deposited in the grain can cause: numbness, hot and cold sensations, seizures, paralysis of never endings.-Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) is a derivative of an alkaloid in ergot (people though they were witches)
Mushrooms
Mycetism: Mushroom poisoning. It can occur from mushrooms that produce mycotoxins that affect the human body. Some are neurotoxins that: 1. Mimic acetycholine, affecting the peripheral nervous system 2 .Causes hallucinations 3 .Produces intoxications AMANITA PHALLOIDES: Referred to as the "Death Cap" cause it accounts for 90% of deaths from eatingpoisonousmushrooms-Produces cramping, vomiting, watery diarrhea, and within a week there is kidney and liver failure TERM 22
U.S Endemic Fungi
DEFINITION 22 Look at notes (ch 17.3) Map Red: Blastomycosis (EAST) Green: Histoplasmosis (MID-EAST/SOUTH) Purple: Crytococcusganttii (WEST) Yellow: Coccidioidomycosis (SOUTH EAST) Can get it through inhalation and can affect every part of your body, has long latency progression to symptoms, harsh/long treatments, difficult to detect TERM 23
More notes on Aspergillosis
DEFINITION 23 -Surgery may be necessary to remove an Aspergilloma from the lungs known as pulmonary aspergilloma.-Aspergillus can cause ostomycosis (conidia in the earwax that causes pain) in earwax.- Spreading of Aspergillus can damage the heart-Invasive Aspergillosis: Most deadly form of aspergillosis, occurs when the fungal infection spreads beyond the lungs to other organs TERM 24
Paracoccidiodomycosis
DEFINITION 24
- Caused by:Paracoccidioides brasiliensis-Chronic disease of
mucous membranes, skin, pulmonary system-Affects Mexico,
Central and South America-Pulmonary lesions, edentulous
mouth, Cervical Lymphadenopathy-VERY LONG LATENCY:
Symptoms can appear even after decades.
TERM 25
Histoplasmosis
DEFINITION 25 -Caused by the fungus Histoplasma capsulatum. -The fungus lives in the environment, usually in association with large amounts of bird or bat droppings.Lung infection can occur after a person inhales airborne, microscopic fungal spores from the environment; however, many people who inhale the spores do not get sick. The symptoms of histoplasmosis are similar to pneumonia, and the infection can sometimes become serious if it is not treated.
