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Understanding Research Methods: Scales of Measurement, Dependent Variables, and Ethics, Quizzes of Psychology

Louisiana State University (LSU) - System OfficePsychology

Operational definitions and examples of various research concepts, including dependent variables (discrete vs. Continuous, qualitative vs. Quantitative), scales of measurement (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio), and ethical considerations (experimental reliability, validity, and ethical guidelines).

Typology: Quizzes

2012/2013

Uploaded on 10/17/2013

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klee43 🇺🇸

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TERM 1
Operational definition
DEFINITION 1
- an abstract concept that allows measurement of
manipulation of the concept in a research study
TERM 2
example of operational definition
DEFINITION 2
- IQ test score- GPA- accuracy on problem solving task.
TERM 3
Dependent variable
DEFINITION 3
- behavioral variable designed to measure the effect of the
variation of the independent variable.- DV must be sensitive
to the influence of the IV w/ direction and magnitude.
TERM 4
Types of dependent variable
DEFINITION 4
- discrete versus continuous variables- Quantitative v.
qualitative variables
TERM 5
Qualitative dependent variable
examples
DEFINITION 5
- brand of pc-- Marital status- hair color
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Operational definition

  • an abstract concept that allows measurement of manipulation of the concept in a research study TERM 2

example of operational definition

DEFINITION 2

  • IQ test score- GPA- accuracy on problem solving task. TERM 3

Dependent variable

DEFINITION 3

  • behavioral variable designed to measure the effect of the variation of the independent variable.- DV must be sensitive to the influence of the IV w/ direction and magnitude. TERM 4

Types of dependent variable

DEFINITION 4

  • discrete versus continuous variables- Quantitative v. qualitative variables TERM 5

Qualitative dependent variable

examples

DEFINITION 5

  • brand of pc-- Marital status- hair color

quantitative discrete dependent variable

  • children in a family- strokes on a golf hole- TV sets owned TERM 7

quantitative continuous dependent variable

DEFINITION 7

  • amount of income tax paid- weight of the student- yearly rainfall in Tampa, TERM 8

Scales of measurement

DEFINITION 8 how a researcher measures the dependent variable in a study can be important.- nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio TERM 9

nominal

DEFINITION 9

  • a categorical variable for mutual exclusive, but not ordered, categories.ex: favorite color, religion,- lowest level of measurement TERM 10

ordinal

DEFINITION 10

  • order matters but not difference between values- example: military rankings, consumer satisfaction rating

methods of assessing reilability

test-retest- comparing scores of the same participants at different times- equivalent forms- comparing scores of the same participant at different points of the test. TERM 17

interrater reliability

DEFINITION 17

  • a measure of the degree to which different observers rate behaviors in similar ways. TERM 18

internal consistency and cronbach's alpha

DEFINITION 18

  • Cronbach's Alpha is mathematically equivalent to the average of all possible split-half estimates, although that's now how we compute it. TERM 19

construct

validity

DEFINITION 19

  • the extent to which we can infer higher-order constructs for our operations- indicates that a survey measure the behavior it is designed to measure- used for research participants, independent variable, dependent variable, experimental setting TERM 20

example of construct

validity

DEFINITION 20

  • What is the effect of praise on course performance for students w/ academic difficulties in challengingcourse?- Is the construct valid for non-challenging courses?

Assessing construct

validity

  • clear definition of the construct of interest- what are the prototypical features of the constructs?- there is never a one- to-one correspondence between constructs and operations. TERM 22

assessing the match between the constructs

and the operations used to represent them

DEFINITION 22

  • face validity- on the surface, a study or scale appears to be intuitively valid TERM 23

Predictive

validity

DEFINITION 23

  • ability for the operationalization to predict another construct consistent behavior.- example- two measures within an individual GRE and GPA TERM 24

concurrent

validity

DEFINITION 24

  • the ability for the operationalization to distinguish between two groups that should differ on the construct.- example- distinguishing between two groups GRE should distinguish between people w/ high GPA and people w/ low GPA. TERM 25

Requirements necessary for a variable to

qualify as an independent variable

DEFINITION 25 variation and control of variation

counterbalancing

  • when using within subjects design, have some subject experience the levels of the IV in one order and other experience the levels of the IV in a different order. TERM 32

Regression towards the mean

DEFINITION 32

  • extreme scores at Y1 tend to be closer toward the mean at Y2. TERM 33

hawthorn effect

DEFINITION 33

  • when participants change their behavior b/c they know they are being observed. TERM 34

Nuremberg Code

DEFINITION 34

  • at the End of WWII, Nazi's committed atrocities by forcing people into dangerous experiment that killed many.- it was developed as a set of ethical guidelines developed for research w/ human participants based on information gained during the Number trials after WWII. TERM 35

Informed consent

DEFINITION 35

  • informing participants about the study and then gaining their consent for participation

deception

  • misleading the pariticpants about the study's purpose or procedures, and the researchers must ensure the confidentiality of participant data.- creates a conflict between the principle of trustactive- lyingpassive- omission TERM 37

Milgram Obedience study

DEFINITION 37

  • experiment that examined the effect of an authority figure on participants' behavior. TERM 38

confederate

DEFINITION 38

  • a person who is part of a research stud but acts as though he or she is not, to deceive the participants about the study's purpose. TERM 39

Results of the Milgram study

DEFINITION 39

  • Milgram defended that although the participants were deceived in the study, they did not experience long term harm from the study and were fully debriefed.-critics pointed out that stress of the situation of deception of the participants were too great and were psychologically harmful. TERM 40

Stanford prison

experiment

DEFINITION 40

  • Zimbardo had participants be prisoners or guard observed their behavior.- the setting too be too stressful for the participants and Zimbardo called the experiment off after only 2 days.

beneficence

  • refers to the reduction of risk of harm to the participants as compared with the benefit of the study. TERM 47

risk-benefit analysis

DEFINITION 47

  • weighing the risks against the benefits of a research study to ensure that the benefits outweigh the risks- part of beneficence TERM 48

confidentiality

DEFINITION 48

  • it is the researcher's responsibility to protect the participants' identity and right to privacy (including participant responses) during and after the research study.- part of beneficence TERM 49

Justice

DEFINITION 49

  • fair selection of participants is covered by the justice principle. Researchers are responsible for ensuring that all participants have a fair chance of receiving potentially beneficial treatments in research as well as ensuring that potentially harmful conditions are not exclusively administered to a specific group. TERM 50

IRB

DEFINITION 50

  • a committee of knowledgeable individuals who oversee the ethics of research w/ human participants conducted at an instiution

Fidelity

  • researcher is committed to the discovery and promulgation of truth. The researcher must do good science and must not falsify, misrepresent data, or falsely claim the work of others. TERM 52

false confessions

DEFINITION 52

  • when a person falsely admits to committing a crime.- to control this, one must minimize risk and maximize benefits. TERM 53

Justification of animal research

DEFINITION 53

    • justification of research w/ animal subjects must include a clear scientific purpose for the study. TERM 54

IACUC

DEFINITION 54

  • Institutional Animal care and use committee- oversees research conducted w/ nonhuman animal subjects- must have knowledge of the APA Ethics code regarding animal subjects, federal guidelines regarding the care and treatment of TERM 55

plagiarism

DEFINITION 55

  • claiming another's work or ideas as one's own.

sampling error

  • difference in scores from the population to the sample TERM 62

simple random sample

DEFINITION 62

  • sample chosen randomly from the population such that each individual has an equal chance of being selected TERM 63

cluster sample

DEFINITION 63

  • sample chosen randomly from clusters identified in the popluation TERM 64

stratified random sample

DEFINITION 64

  • sample chosen from the population such that the proportion of individuals w/ a particular characteristic is equivalent in the population and the sample. TERM 65

convenience

DEFINITION 65

  • probability of choosing an individual in the population is NOT known

quota sample

  • sample chosen from the population such that available individuals are chosen w/ equivalent proportions of individuals for a specific characteristic in the population and sample. TERM 67

volunteer

samples

DEFINITION 67

  • recruit individuals from a population by recruiting individuals who a researcher has easy access to. Incentives might include bonus or monetary compensation