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Statistics and Data Analysis: Terms and Concepts, Quizzes of Introduction to Sociology

Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)Introduction to Sociology

Definitions for various statistical terms and concepts, including categorical and quantitative variables, prevalence and incidence, mean and median, correlation, regression, practical significance, test statistics, p-value, hypothesis testing, dummy and interaction variables, qualitative data collection methods, randomization, sampling, and experimental designs.

Typology: Quizzes

2013/2014

Uploaded on 05/04/2014

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TERM 1
What type of variable's distribution can be
shown in a bar or pie chart?
DEFINITION 1
Categorical Variable
TERM 2
What type of variable's distribution can be
shown in a histogram?
DEFINITION 2
Quantitative Variable
TERM 3
Prevalence
DEFINITION 3
The number or share of a population that has a particular
disease or condition
TERM 4
Incidence
DEFINITION 4
Rate at which new cases of a disease appear in a population
TERM 5
Mean
DEFINITION 5
Average
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What type of variable's distribution can be

shown in a bar or pie chart?

Categorical Variable

TERM 2

What type of variable's distribution can be

shown in a histogram?

DEFINITION 2

Quantitative Variable

TERM 3

Prevalence

DEFINITION 3

The number or share of a population that has a particular

disease or condition

TERM 4

Incidence

DEFINITION 4

Rate at which new cases of a disease appear in a population

TERM 5

Mean

DEFINITION 5

Average

Median

Point that splits the distribution in half

TERM 7

Correlation

DEFINITION 7

Measures strength and direction of relationship between two

quantitative variable

TERM 8

Positive

correlation

DEFINITION 8

Variables tend to move in the same direction

TERM 9

Negative

correlation

DEFINITION 9

variable tend to move in oppositedifections

TERM 10

Simple regression

DEFINITION 10

Best-fit straight line

Dummy Variable (indicator)

1 if true and 0 if falseUseful in multiple regressions

TERM 17

Interaction Variable

DEFINITION 17

Product of two other variablesDescribes how one variable

moderates the effect of the other

TERM 18

Qualitative Data

DEFINITION 18

Involves various kinds of nonnumeric data

TERM 19

Unstructured interview

DEFINITION 19

No prearranged questions

TERM 20

Simistructured

interviews

DEFINITION 20

Set of open-ended questions, accompanied by probes that

guide the discussion

Case Study

Focus on a single, complex case

TERM 22

Paradigmatic Case Study

DEFINITION 22

Selects a prototypical case that offers the greatest

generalizability

TERM 23

Extreme Case Study

DEFINITION 23

Aims to study a particularly good or bad example

TERM 24

Critical Case Study

DEFINITION 24

Selecs a case that has unique importance

TERM 25

Coding

DEFINITION 25

Tagging text, or other qualitative data using a system of

categoriesEnables sorting, counting, and organization of data

Volunteers

May cause bias.Differs from what random sampling would

providemay not be generalize to population

TERM 32

Heterogeneous Treatment Effects

DEFINITION 32

Different people resound differently to treatments

randomized experiments estimate an average of the

treatment effect among those who participate

for measured variables, not possible

TERM 33

Placebo Effect

DEFINITION 33

The fact that people often respond to any kind of treatment,

even a completely phony or useless one

TERM 34

Hawthorne Effect

DEFINITION 34

Various effects of subjects' awareness of being studied

TERM 35

Blind Experiments

DEFINITION 35

Participants do not know which group (treatment or control)

they are in

Double-blind Experiments

Research workers as well as participants are ingronant about

which group is getting the real treatmenthelps guard against

biased observation

TERM 37

Contamination

DEFINITION 37

Control group gains access or exposure to the treatment,

either intentionally or unintentionally.

TERM 38

Cluster randomization

DEFINITION 38

randomization done at the group cluster level, rather than at

the individual levelreduces contamination

TERM 39

Demoralization

DEFINITION 39

Control group members feel neglected and left out because

they are not getting the "promising" new treatmentMay

result in less-than-usual effort

TERM 40

Rivalry

DEFINITION 40

Control group may engage in competitive rivalryMay result

in more-than-usual effort

Quasi Experiments

Creating Comparisons

Treatment to manipulate affect outcomes

unable to randomize subjects

TERM 47

Continuum

DEFINITION 47

Not a perfect distinction

TERM 48

Internal

validity

DEFINITION 48

Strength of causal evidence provided by study design

TERM 49

Generalizability

DEFINITION 49

Also called external validity

TERM 50

Longitudinal

DEFINITION 50

Comparisons over time

Cross-sectional

Comparisons of individuals or groups at a point in time

TERM 52

Before-after study (Pre-post test comparison)

DEFINITION 52

compare a single group at two points in timeEffect Estimate

= Outcome after - outcome before

TERM 53

Weaknesses of Before-After Study

DEFINITION 53

Before-after study assumes the independent variable causes

change in dependent variable