Influential Factors in Forest Development: Soil, Climate, Biodiversity, Conservation, Quizzes of Earth Sciences

Definitions and terms related to forest development, types of forests, factors influencing forest growth, forest management, and conservation. Topics include coniferous and deciduous forests, secondary forests, old growth forests, factors such as temperature, rainfall, shade tolerance, seeding and germination habits, pattern and rate of growth, age at maturity, soil characteristics, insects, industrial urban areas, forest conservation, and forest management. The document also covers sustainable forestry objectives, even-aged management techniques, and the advantages of planting trees.

Typology: Quizzes

2011/2012

Uploaded on 12/04/2012

akl-1992
akl-1992 🇺🇸

10 documents

1 / 9

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
TERM 1
Forest values
DEFINITION 1
- $200 bilion a year from wood and paper- water quality and
stream flow- stream function alloctanous input ; u can't
separate the trees Frm a riperian zone- soil stabilization- bio
geochemical and hydrologic pumps- fuel- local climate-
wildlife habitat- recreation
TERM 2
Coniferous
forest
DEFINITION 2
Type of forest we have-evergreen , needle leaf trees- reduces
water loss-Branch structure maximiz es light think of a Christmas
tree- straight trunks, branch loss- nor thern latitudes, boreal
forests, taiga- few species, spruce do minant- cool, 50cm of rain
annually- moist soils, bogs common- so ils usually acidic because of
the needle fall , little other vegetatio n- less dense, structural
lumber (softwoods)
TERM 3
Deciduous forests
DEFINITION 3
Types of forests we have- broadleaf , nutrient resorption
prior to prewinter leaf fall- curved trunks, permanent
branches- high transpiration potential- four seasons, 75-150
cm rainfall- rich soils Frm annual leaf fall- widespread
conversion to agriculture- dense, high- quality wood
(hardwoods)
TERM 4
Secondary ecological succession
DEFINITION 4
Growth of an ecosystem after an event where it had an
ecosystem previouslyprocess started by an event[1]
(e.g.forest fire,harvesting,hurricane) that reduces an already
establishedecosystem(e.g. a forest or a wheat field) to a
smaller population of species, occurs on per existing
soilResults in a secondary forest
TERM 5
Secondary
forest
DEFINITION 5
A forest area that has regrow n after say cutting it down for
its wood, or a natural occurrence like a fire for ex.
pf3
pf4
pf5
pf8
pf9

Partial preview of the text

Download Influential Factors in Forest Development: Soil, Climate, Biodiversity, Conservation and more Quizzes Earth Sciences in PDF only on Docsity!

Forest values

- $200 bilion a year from wood and paper- water quality and

stream flow- stream function alloctanous input ; u can't

separate the trees Frm a riperian zone- soil stabilization- bio

geochemical and hydrologic pumps- fuel- local climate-

wildlife habitat- recreation

TERM 2

Coniferous

forest

DEFINITION 2

Type of forest we have-evergreen , needle leaf trees- reduces

water loss-Branch structure maximizes light think of a Christmas

tree- straight trunks, branch loss- northern latitudes, boreal

forests, taiga- few species, spruce dominant- cool, 50cm of rain

annually- moist soils, bogs common- soils usually acidic because of

the needle fall , little other vegetation- less dense, structural

lumber (softwoods)

TERM 3

Deciduous forests

DEFINITION 3

Types of forests we have- broadleaf , nutrient resorption

prior to prewinter leaf fall- curved trunks, permanent

branches- high transpiration potential- four seasons, 75-

cm rainfall- rich soils Frm annual leaf fall- widespread

conversion to agriculture- dense, high- quality wood

(hardwoods)

TERM 4

Secondary ecological succession

DEFINITION 4

Growth of an ecosystem after an event where it had an

ecosystem previouslyprocess started by an event[1]

(e.g.forest fire,harvesting,hurricane) that reduces an already

establishedecosystem(e.g. a forest or a wheat field) to a

smaller population of species, occurs on per existing

soilResults in a secondary forest

TERM 5

Secondary

forest

DEFINITION 5

A forest area that has regrow n after say cutting it down for

its wood, or a natural occurrence like a fire for ex.

Old growth

forest

A forest that has never been touched by humans is the way

it has been for thousands of years

TERM 7

Factor influencing forest development :temp,

rainfall, salinity, elevation

DEFINITION 7

Factor influencing forest developmentWhere certain forests

like temperate are Lways in more northern cooler states also

with high elevation

TERM 8

Factor influencing forest development: shade

tolerance

DEFINITION 8

Factor influencing forest developmentEx. Certain trees are

intolerant to this because they need sunlight to growOther types

like Douglas firs are inferior competitors for sunlight and are

commercially importantThese last types don't need sunlight- able

to flourish under a canopy- often dominant during late succession-

superior competitor for light- commercially important species

TERM 9

Factor influencing forest development :

Seeding and germination habits - co-evolution

with pollinators and seed dispersers

DEFINITION 9

Factor influencing forest developmentHabitats include Coevolution

to spread their seedsEx.- insect, bird, and mammal pollinators ex.

Magnolia, apple trees , Mexican coral tree, cherry tree- bird and

small mammal seed dispensers ex. Squirrel they take seeds and

nuts and go bury them in many different places- indirect effects on

forest production (Coevolution )

TERM 10

Factor influencing forest development

:pattern and rate of growth

DEFINITION 10

Factor influencing forest developmentSomething we watch

with trees and the way they grow , when and where-

competition for light- escape from herbivory- recovery after

disturbance

Factor influencing forest

development

Factor influencing forest development- industrial urban areas

in MDCs- acid deposition , ozone, and Suspended Particulate

Matter (dust, soot, asbestos, heavy metals)- leaf and bark

damage, increased susceptibility to pathogens

TERM 17

Forest conservation

DEFINITION 17

This includes maintenance of ecosystem services:-

ecosystem biodiversity ,watershed function, erosion control

and soil dynamics, carbon sequestration , bio geochemical

cycles, local climate control

TERM 18

Forest management

DEFINITION 18

Part of forest conservationis siviculture combined with the

economic, political , legal, and ethical considerations that

effect how we harvest and regenerate forests

TERM 19

Sustainable

forestry

DEFINITION 19

Sustainable forestry - maintain forest goods and services

indefinitelyobtaining a diversity of goods and services from

forested ecosystems without impairing their abilities to provide

those benefits to future generationsis a difficult business-

pulpwood, rough timber, 12-30 years- pine timber , 35-55 years-

high quality timber, 75-1000 yrs- historic management - cut old-

growth, replant , harvest in short rotations- return Frm small

forests highly periodic without secondary products or leasing

TERM 20

Forest management cycle

DEFINITION 20

Steps within managing a forest-starts with a harvest- site

preparation ( prepare it to regrow a forest)- reforest (either

plant what was there) or let forest around it regrow it (almost

same as Ida fire were to come thru and burn it)- intermediate

management- now back to harvesting

Sustainable forestry

objectives

When sustaining a forest these need to come into place- long range

planning- maintain forest health and productivity- wildfire, pests,

diseases- focus on quality saw timber , pulp wood secondary- carbon

storage , prompt reforestation- product labeling, e.g., Sustainable

Forestry Initiative (SFI)- conserve and enhance biodiversity- maintain

forest blocks, connectivity, manage at stand( thousand feet by thousand

feet level) and landscape(large scale ) levels - manage soil and on/off-site

water quality- enhance aesthetic and recreational value- develop

alternative, forest based enterprises- inclusive decision-making-

adherence to BMPs(best management practices)

TERM 22

Even aged management

DEFINITION 22

This includes shelterwood cutting, seed tree cutting and clear

cutting- harvest, replanting , harvest of same age trees-short

rotations, lower- quality lumber-maximize economic return

ASAP- produce shade-intolerant species

TERM 23

Shelterwood cutting

DEFINITION 23

Type of even aged managementtaking out some of the wood

but not all to leave others to grow then come back later and

take the next set) done over a decade or a decade and a half

TERM 24

Seed tree cutting

DEFINITION 24

Type of even aged managementa few trees left but almost

like clear cutting but those few trees r left to reseed and

regrow the forest

TERM 25

Clear cutting

DEFINITION 25

Type of even aged management- nothing left but slash2/3 of

annual timber harvest in u.s.most cost effective and efficient,

least desirable aesthetically

Advantages of planting trees

Advantages of this- control runoff and erosion ( water, nutrient loss)- soil biological activity (legumes) ; OM and nutrient input (leaf fall)- improved soil structure (OM and roots)- more efficient use of solar energy- reduced insect pets and diseases - why? Because with trees come birds that eat the insects- 5% of the area , 50% of the biodiversity- microclimate control- shade for livestock- fuel wood- diverse products ; increased economy- neutral carbon storage, but many additional benefits( like creating wildlife corridors to connect patches of forest land like planting them along streams as buffers) also we benefit Frm trees as they're windbreaks - stop erosion many are planted in way of the wind to stop erosion TERM 32

Lead tree

DEFINITION 32

Known as the perfect agroforestry tree- can grow 20 ft/ year-

leaves are edible for livestock so good source for that- seed pods

are edible for humans- clean and very strong wood- legume- has

bacteria that fixes nitrogen- can regrow after coppicing- can

regrow after being cut to a stump - renewable resource- drought

resistant- one downside is that we plant more and more then we

see that insects or disease come - ex sap sucking insect attacks

and can kill the tree - but their investigating ways to biologically

control these ex wasp that can kill them

TERM 33

Wildlife responses to stress

DEFINITION 33

Examples of what animals do when for instance humans move into

their habitat or a new predator- energy losses from flight- reduced

foraging, growth, condition- reduction in reproductive output - cuz

have no energy- abandonment of suitable habitat, loss in carrying

capacity ex a highway in the forest could cause them to leave-

reduced gene flow, inbreeding- nest abandonment- endocrine

disruption- immunosuppression

TERM 34

Climax community species

DEFINITION 34

Type of speciesflourish only in pristine , undisturbed habitats-

old growth forests, tundra, grasslands, desert,

etcManagement - aimed at conservation, maintenance of

refuges or biosphere reservesImpacts on local human

populations deserves more attention

TERM 35

Fragmentation

DEFINITION 35

This happens when a population is divided by something like

a major road or interstate ex. Florida panther

Mid-successional species

Type of speciesoften prefer habitat mosaics and can use

fragmented habitatsManagement- emphasizes habitat

diversity , these can flourish in disturbed habitats such as

clear cuts if mature forest is available ex. Deer, elk

TERM 37

Early-successional species

DEFINITION 37

Type of speciesuse weedy vegetation for food and cover on

recently cleared land- abundant on farmland, often benefit

from shelter belt cover ex. Bunnies, quail, owls, mouse,

songbirds

TERM 38

Edges

DEFINITION 38

Inherent is one that occurs naturallyInduced is one uh,ans

made when cutting treesCan be good for some species as it

breaks up populationsBad for others as it keeps a group in

one place, easy for predators to kill them

TERM 39

Endangered Species Act of 1973

DEFINITION 39

Endangered species act of 1973- created the T&E listing process, designation of critical habitat, acquisition of habitat with monies from the land and water conservation fund, prohibition on taking and trade in T&E species , subspecies , varieties, distinct population segments- cooperative agreements with states , cost sharing- amended in 1978- creation of a federally mandated review committee for possible exemptions for T&E species that would decide on certain laws- secretaries of agriculture , army, and interior; chairman of the council of economic advisors, administrators of EPA and NOAA , state representatives- only 3 decisions thru 2011Ex. 1979-gray rocks dam, flooding critical habitat for whooping cranes in the platte river, wy ,. 7-0 in favor by esc , contingent on mitigation measures on the Platte (congress would've exempted)Ex. 1978- tellico dam, flooding critical habitat for snail darter in little Tennessee river ; 7-0 in to deny exemption but congress exempted anywayEx. 1992- Blm timber sales in Or, critical habitat for spotted owl, 5-2 to grant exemption, etc TERM 40

Species management activity Refuges,

preserves

DEFINITION 40

Species management activity- open to human activities like

hunting n fishing but habitat is still protected) and preserves- 1st

refuge in the U.S established by T. Roosevelt on pelican island for

pelicans, egrets, herons- 555 or more refuges and other units,

3,000 waterfowl production areas , 96 million acres in '08 of refuge

land in u.s- Arctic wildlife refuge ANWR; 9 million acre refuge, 8

million is wilderness ( where humans visit but no impact from

humans)