Download Test Bank: Porth's Essentials of Pathophysiology - Endocrine System and more Exams Pathophysiology in PDF only on Docsity!
Test Bank Porth's Essentials Of
Pathophysiology 5th Edition By Tommie
L Norris
While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best? - ANSWER ✔️ Paracrine
A client has developed a tumor of the posterior pituitary gland. The client is at risk for problems with secretions of: - ANSWER ✔️ Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin
A client who is referred to the endocrinologist's office for an evaluation of his hormone levels asks what regulates the hormone levels. The best response would be that hormone levels in the body are primarily regulated by: - ANSWER ✔️ The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system
Select the statement that best explains the function of hormone receptors. - ANSWER ✔️ Hormone receptors recognize a specific hormone and translate the signal into a cellular response.
The physician is assessing a client with a preliminary diagnosis of endocrine disorder. Further assessment findings identify abnormalities with emotion, pain, body temperature, and neural input. The physician determines the need to further assess the: - ANSWER ✔️ Hypothalamus
Which of the following hormones are derivatives of cholesterol? - ANSWER ✔️ Aldosterone and testosterone
Neurotransmitters like catecholamines (ex. dopamine and epinephrine) have a reaction time of: - ANSWER ✔️ Milliseconds.
A 21 year-old female is suspected of having inadequate function of her hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid system. Her care provider is planning to inject thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and then measure her levels of TSH. Which of the following diagnostic tests is being performed? - ANSWER ✔️ Stimulation test
A patient exhibiting problems with their thyroid has been scheduled for a radioactive scan. From the following list of patients, which would the nurse question as to whether this would be a safe procedure for this patient? - ANSWER ✔️ A young female patient who has been trying to get pregnant.
Which gland is often referred to as the master gland because it secretes many hormones? - ANSWER ✔️ Pituitary
What is the most common mechanism of hormone control? - ANSWER ✔️ Negative feedback
A patient experiences an increase in thyroid hormone as a result of a thyroid tumor. Which of the following hormonal responses demonstrates the negative feedback mechanism? - ANSWER ✔️ Decreased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
The hormone levels in the body need to be kept within an appropriate range. How is this accomplished for many of the hormones in the body? - ANSWER ✔️ Negative feedback loop
While reviewing the concept of nuclear receptors with a group of pathophysiology students, the instructor uses the example of clients with type 2 diabetes mellitus taking pioglitazone, a thiazolidinedione medication. Because of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs), the drug has which effect on the clients' diabetes? Select the best ANSWER ✔️. - ANSWER ✔️ Promote glucose uptake and increase the synthesis of certain proteins involved in fat metabolism, which reduces levels of certain types of lipids.
While discussing the regulation of hormone levels, the instructor gives an example of hormones regulated by feedback mechanisms. Which example of this regulation is best? - ANSWER ✔️ Following a meal that was high in carbohydrates, a person's blood glucose elevates, which stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas.
Select the hormone that requires protein as a transport carrier. - ANSWER ✔️ Cortisol
Which of the following best describes the half-life of a highly protein bound drug such as thyroxine (99% protein bound)? The half-life would be: - ANSWER ✔️ Much longer to reduce the concentration of the hormone by one half.
A 51 year-old woman has been experiencing signs and symptoms of perimenopause and has sought help from her family physician. A deficiency in estrogen levels has been determined to be a contributing factor. Which of the following phenomena could potentially underlie the woman's health problem? - ANSWER ✔️ Insufficient estrogen production within the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of the relevant cells.
Which of the following statements best captures the relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland as it relates to endocrine function? - ANSWER ✔️ The hypothalamus receives input from numerous sources throughout the body and directs the pituitary to then control many target glands and cells.
Following a meal, a woman's blood glucose level has increased. In addition, her pancreas has increased the amount of insulin produced and released. Which of the following phenomena has occurred? - ANSWER ✔️ Adjustment according to the level of the substance a hormone regulates
A middle-aged woman has acromegaly as a result of a pituitary adenoma that was found and removed when she was a teenager. The physician is suspecting that the tumor has returned and has ordered a diagnostic work-up. A glucose load is ordered. If the tumor has returned, the nurse would expect which of the following results? - ANSWER ✔️ The growth hormone level will not be suppressed following glucose load.
Which of the following body functions is regulated by several hormones? - ANSWER ✔️ Lipolysis
A male patient has been diagnosed with a low sperm count. Which of the following endocrine imbalances could contribute to this condition? Select all that apply. - ANSWER ✔️ Lack of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) Insufficient androgens
Which of the following statements is accurate regarding how hormones are metabolized and excreted? - ANSWER ✔️ Peptides are degraded by enzymes in cells.
The nurse is caring for a client with decreased serum protein levels secondary to liver failure. When administering medications that are highly protein bound, the nurse anticipates the resulting drug level will respond in which of these ways? - ANSWER ✔️ The drug level will be elevated as lack of protein allows more free drug to circulate.
A nurse has just completed an explanation of how hormones are normally regulated by feedback mechanisms to a client. The client asks if anything can alter the regulation. The best response by the nurse would be: Select all that apply. - ANSWER ✔️ Temperature Nutritional status Stress
Which type of hormone is released as soon as they are synthesized? - ANSWER ✔️ Lipid-soluble steroid hormones
The kidney produces 1,2 5 - dihydroxyvitamin D. This form of vitamin D is responsible for which action in the body? - ANSWER ✔️ Stimulates calcium absorption from the intestine
Select the process that allows hormones to exert influence upon some cells and not others. - ANSWER ✔️ Receptor binding
A client asks the nurse what causes the secretion of growth hormone (GH) and adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) to fluctuate. The best response by the nurse would be: - ANSWER ✔️ Sleep-wake cycles
An instructor is teaching the class about positive feedback mechanism. The best example would be: - ANSWER ✔️ Increased estradiol production causes increased gonadotropin (FSH) production.
Since steroid hormones are bound to protein carriers for transport, this means: - ANSWER ✔️ They are inactive in the bound state.
A client with a new diagnosis of an endocrine disorder is unclear how the body can control the levels of different hormones over time. Which of the following statements most accurately underlies the dominant regulation process of hormone levels in the body? - ANSWER ✔️ With input from various sensors, hormone production and release are adjusted based on existing hormone levels.
Select the most accurate statement regarding measurements of urinary hormone: - ANSWER ✔️ Provide a better measure of hormone levels during a designated period.
The endocrine system is closely linked with the nervous system. What neurotransmitter can also act as a hormone? - ANSWER ✔️ Epinephrine
When hormones act locally rather than being secreted into the bloodstream, their actions are termed what? - ANSWER ✔️ Autocrine and paracrine
To prevent the accumulation of hormones in our bodies, the hormones are constantly being metabolized and excreted. Where are adrenal and gonadal steroid hormones excreted? - ANSWER ✔️ Bile and urine
Many hormones are measured for diagnostic reasons by using the plasma levels of the hormones. What is used today to measure plasma hormone levels? - ANSWER ✔️ Radioimmunoassay methods
Imaging has proven useful in both the diagnosis and follow-up of endocrine disorders. Two types of imaging studies are useful when dealing with endocrine disorders: Isotopic imaging and nonisotopic imaging. What is an example of isotopic imaging? - ANSWER ✔️ Thyroid scan
In an adult with acromegaly, a growth hormone (GH)-secreting tumor is suspected. What diagnostic test would be used for this client? - ANSWER ✔️ A GH suppression test
A middle-aged female client has been diagnosed with thyroid condition. The nurse educates the client about the prescription and needed follow-up lab work, which will help regulate the dosage. The client asks, "Why do I not return to the clinic for weeks, since I am starting the medication tomorrow morning?" The nurse bases the ANSWER ✔️ on the knowledge that thyroid hormones: - ANSWER ✔️ may take days for the full effect to occur, based on the mechanism of action.
During a near-miss accident while cycling, a client marvels at how fast he was able to react. He attributes this to his fight/flight response but then wonders why it lasts for only a short period. The client had a short burst of catecholamine activity because catecholamines are: - ANSWER ✔️ rapidly degraded by enzymes in circulation and at the tissue.
A nurse who works in the office of an endocrinologist is orienting a new staff member. Which teaching point should the nurse include in the orientation? - ANSWER ✔️ "A single hormone can act on not only one process or organ but often on several different locations or processes."
Select the category of hormones that include norepinephrine and epinephrine. - ANSWER ✔️ Amines and amino acids
Which hormone is secreted based on a cyclic rather than a diurnal manner? - ANSWER ✔️ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which of the following types of imaging is preferred to evaluate the bone density of a patient with hyperparathyroidism? - ANSWER ✔️ Dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) scan
Which of the following statements is correct about hormone transport? Select all that apply. - ANSWER ✔️ Prolactin is unbound. Insulin is unbound. Glucocorticoids are bound
A patient develops hypocalcemia after thyroid surgery. Which of the following hormonal imbalances caused this complication? - ANSWER ✔️ Lack of parathyroid hormone
When caring for a client who is being screened for osteoporosis, the nurse plans to evaluate the results of which of theses diagnostic tests? - ANSWER ✔️ Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA)
For which of the following endocrine disorders would autoimmune antibody testing be appropriate? Select all that apply. - ANSWER ✔️ Graves' disease Type 1 diabetes mellitus Hypoparathyroidism Addison's disease
How long is the half-life of the hormone aldosterone, which is only 15% protein bound? - ANSWER ✔️ 25 minutes
A homeless individual is brought to the emergency department (ED) after the police could not wake the person. The client's breath is fruity and others state that the client has been acting "different." Initial blood work identifies a blood glucose level of
- The client is admitted to the ICU in ketoacidosis. The client is prescribed an insulin drip (IV infusion). The rationale for this is related to: - ANSWER ✔️ the fact that a lower pH of the body fluids (ketoacidosis) reduces insulin binding.
While reviewing the major actions of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), the faculty points out that in males, this hormone is responsible for the: - ANSWER ✔️ sperm production.
After having a very stressful day in pathophysiology class, the student knows that which hormone (secreted by the adrenal cortex) will help decrease the effects of stress? - ANSWER ✔️ Cortisol, a glucocorticoid
A client comes to a scheduled appointment in the endocrine clinic. The primary care physician referred the client, suspecting acromegaly. Knowing the usual testing involved, the nurse should educate the client about which lab/diagnostic procedure? - ANSWER ✔️ A suppression test
effective when the students' recognize the local action of hormones as: - ANSWER ✔️ Paracrine
A client who is referred to the endocrinologist's office for an evaluation of his hormone levels asks what regulates the hormone levels. The best response would be that hormone levels in the body are primarily regulated by: - ANSWER ✔️ The hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system
The nurse is caring for a client who has been diagnosed with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and has been taking oral steroids for several years. The nurse is aware that the client is at risk for: - ANSWER ✔️ Suppression of the client's hypothalamic-pituitary-target cell system
The vesicle-mediated pathway has a role in synthesis and release of which of the following hormones? Select all that apply. - ANSWER ✔️ Follicle-stimulating hormone Antidiuretic hormone Dopamine
A client with a history of an endocrine disorder exhibits signs and symptoms of hormone deficiency. Which of the following processes would the client's care team most likely rule out first as a contributing factor? - ANSWER ✔️ Up-regulation has increased the sensitivity of the body to particular hormone levels.
A patient with hyperthyroidism took aspirin for a headache. Which of the following complications could develop? Select all that apply.
- ANSWER ✔️ Diarrhea Tachycardia Hyperthermia
How will cell receptors change in the absence of a particular hormone? - ANSWER ✔️ Receptors in each cell will increase.
Which of the following organ systems is matched with the preferred type of imaging? - ANSWER ✔️ Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the pituitary gland
Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback system? - ANSWER ✔️ Estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which of the following describes how water-soluble peptides such as parathyroid hormone, or glucagon, exert their effect on cells? - ANSWER ✔️ They bind to receptors.
When caring for a client with anemia and a decrease in red blood cells (RBCs), the nurse recognizes which of these hormones will stimulate the bone marrow to produce additional RBCs? - ANSWER ✔️ Erythropoietin
The nurse is caring for a client with a tentative diagnosis of Hashimoto thyroiditis. Which of these test results does the nurse
An adult patient with suspected hypothyroidism is scheduled for a thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) stimulation test to evaluate pituitary response. Which of the following test results would confirm secondary hypothyroidism? - ANSWER ✔️ No increase in TSH
The nurse explains to a client in labor who has demonstrated ineffective contractions impeding progression of labor that the health care provider has added oxytocin infusion to the orders. Which of these does the nurse teach the client is the purpose of oxytocin? - ANSWER ✔️ To stimulate contraction of the uterus
A client has developed a tumor of the anterior pituitary gland. The nurse is aware that the client is at risk for alterations of: Select all that apply. - ANSWER ✔️ Function of the thyroid gland Function of the gonads Growth and metabolism Glucocorticoid hormone levels
A client who has just undergone a thyroidectomy is experiencing high fever, tachycardia, and extreme restlessness. The nurse would interpret these manifestations as: - ANSWER ✔️ Thyroid crisis
The nurse is teaching a client diagnosed with Addison disease about the importance of lifetime oral replacement therapy. Select the pharmacologic agent that would be prescribed. - ANSWER ✔️ Hydrocortisone
The nurse is caring for a 42-year-old male client who is admitted for treatment of heart failure. He has abnormally large hands and feet and a broad face with a protruding jaw. Based on these signs and symptoms, the nurse identifies which of the following endocrine disturbances as the most likely cause for these physical changes? - ANSWER ✔️ Acromegaly
Testing for short statue growth hormone (GH) problems can be done by pharmacologic means. Which of the following medications can be utilized to test for a rise in GH? Select all that apply. - ANSWER ✔️ Insulin Levodopa
A client is diagnosed with adrenocorticotropic hormone deficiency (ACTH) and is to begin replacement therapy. Regarding which type of replacement will the nurse educate the client? - ANSWER ✔️ Cortisol replacement therapy.
A parent arrives in the endocrinology clinic with her 8-year-old son, concerned about his rapid development and tall stature. What significant assessment finding does the nurse recognize is important to report to the physician related to the development of precocious puberty? - ANSWER ✔️ Significant genital enlargement
The nurse is performing an assessment for a client who has hyperthyroidism that is untreated. When obtaining vital signs, what is the expected finding? - ANSWER ✔️ Heart rate 110 and bounding
