PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 3 – FULL
EXPLANATION STUDY GUIDE
Shock (FULL Explanation)
Shock occurs when the body is unable to deliver adequate oxygen to tissues, leading to cellular
hypoxia and organ failure. This results in anaerobic metabolism and lactic acidosis.
Hypovolemic shock is caused by fluid or blood loss, reducing preload and cardiac output.
Cardiogenic shock results from heart pump failure, such as after a myocardial infarction.
Distributive shock (septic, neurogenic, anaphylactic) involves widespread vasodilation causing
decreased systemic vascular resistance.
Obstructive shock is caused by physical obstruction such as pulmonary embolism or cardiac
tamponade.
Type Key Mechanism Hallmark
Hypovolemic Low volume Low preload
Cardiogenic Pump failure Pulmonary edema
Distributive Vasodilation Warm skin early
Obstructive Blocked flow Sudden collapse
Heart Failure (FULL Explanation)
Heart failure occurs when the heart cannot pump effectively, leading to inadequate perfusion.
Left-sided failure causes fluid to back up into the lungs, producing crackles, dyspnea, and
orthopnea.
Right-sided failure causes systemic congestion, including edema, jugular venous distention, and
hepatomegaly.
Left HF Right HF
Pulmonary edema Peripheral edema
Crackles JVD
Dyspnea Hepatomegaly
SIADH vs Diabetes Insipidus (FULL Explanation)
SIADH involves excessive ADH causing water retention, dilutional hyponatremia, and low urine
output.
Diabetes Insipidus involves insufficient ADH, leading to excessive urination, dehydration, and
hypernatremia.
Feature SIADH DI
