Download Term 1: Racism and Inequality Definitions and more Quizzes Introduction to Sociology in PDF only on Docsity!
cultural racism
a form of institutionalized racism in which values, standards, and messages encourage the false idea that the white race is superior to others TERM 2
clark's doll study
DEFINITION 2 an experiment that used dolls to illustrate the effects of segregation on African-American children TERM 3
defensive othering
DEFINITION 3 refers to the actions performed by those seeking membership and acceptance in a dominant group that involves distancing themselves from other members of the their subordinate group TERM 4
blepharoplasty
DEFINITION 4 is a plastic surgery procedure that involves creating a permanent crease in the eyelid, making the eyelids of Asians look more like the eyelids of Whites. TERM 5
internalized white supremacy
DEFINITION 5 occurs when Whites become convinced of their own superiority over other races
subconscious bias (implicit bias)
an internal bias that occurs without a person being aware that he or she has any biases. TERM 7
psychological wage of whiteness
DEFINITION 7 is a devotion to white supremacy by choosing the status and privilege gained by identifying as White over material gain TERM 8
white racial
frame
DEFINITION 8 the internalized way Whites view society, which has grown out of white supremacy and is made up of stereotypes, metaphors, images, emotions, and discrimination that are used to define themselves and non-whites. TERM 9
negritude
DEFINITION 9 an ideological movement that was formed in 1930's France calling for the self-affirmation of Blacks and for a positive Black identity. TERM 10
blanqueamiento
DEFINITION 10 is an ideology to increase whiteness, causing people of African descent to consciously or subconsciously change themselves.
resegregation
refers to a return to the practice of de facto racial segregation in public education TERM 17
between school achievement
gaps
DEFINITION 17 gaps in academic performance rates between one school and another TERM 18
within-school achievement
gaps
DEFINITION 18 gaps in academic performance rates between non-whites and Whites within one school TERM 19
americanization
DEFINITION 19 is the process of assimilation to dominant white American ideals and values TERM 20
tracking
DEFINITION 20 process of sorting students into courses based on assessment, though usually based on racial assumptions and ideologies
first generation college
students
students whose parents do not have formal education beyond high school years TERM 22
residential segregation
DEFINITION 22 is the grouping of people in residential areas by defining a characteristic such as age, socioeconomic status, religion, race, or ethnicity TERM 23
racial residential segregation
DEFINITION 23 is systematic oppression that is responsible for the construction of the urban underclass by physically separating communities according to race and by diminishing the social and economic success of non-whites in the United States TERM 24
homestead act of 1862
DEFINITION 24 gave U.S citizens and select immigrants the chance to own their own property TERM 25
exclusionary discrimination
DEFINITION 25 practice of restricting access to housing, usually based on race
position-based
power
power that comes from one's position within the hierarchy of one's job or duties. TERM 32
gatekeepers
DEFINITION 32 are individuals or institutions that have the power to deny access to non-whites (landlord, homeowner association president) TERM 33
blockbusting
DEFINITION 33 is a practice of selecting areas, usually less desirable areas, to open up to non-whites, the practice involves using fear of a non-white "invasion" to encourage Whites to sell their properties so that non-whites can buy them TERM 34
economic inequality
DEFINITION 34 is the status of disparity between the earning power and wealth accumulation of one group when compared to another group TERM 35
cumulative discrimination
DEFINITION 35 the systematic discriminatory progression that occurs over a period of time and throughout life
wealth
the accumulation of goods and resources (assets) and the control of such goods and resources TERM 37
wages and
earnings
DEFINITION 37 the income a person receives through work or other nature TERM 38
cultural capital
DEFINITION 38 refers to inequalities that keep members of racial and ethnic groups behind because they damage the group members' own self-perceptions and expectations for educational success TERM 39
allocative discrimination
DEFINITION 39 type of discrimination in which woman and non-whites are regularly routed into different jobs with different pay than are men and woman TERM 40
within-job wage discrimination
DEFINITION 40 refers to the process of women and non-whites earning lower salaries than their male counterparts with the same jobs and the same employees
inheritance
transfer of goods that were unused in one generation to the next generation TERM 47
intergenerational mobility
DEFINITION 47 the amount of movement an individual has between socioeconomic status levels TERM 48
social reproduction
DEFINITION 48 is the repeating of status and culture across generations TERM 49
social inequality
DEFINITION 49 refers to differences in standards of living, opportunities and ablilities to produce and control resources TERM 50
inequality of opportunity
DEFINITION 50 the inequality of social mobility as related to economic inequality, inheritance, and resource availability
gini coefficent
is the measure of inequality ranging from zero (equality) to 1 (total inequality) TERM 52
culture of poverty
DEFINITION 52 a concept that expands the cycle of poverty that exists over generations that suggests that particular lifestyles and behavior are transmitted through generations that perpetuate poverty TERM 53
tangle off pathology
DEFINITION 53 refers to a situation that includes several related problems, making it difficult to identify the causes and effects of each problem TERM 54
davis-moore thesis
DEFINITION 54 states that in order to get people to invest the time and resources into obtaining important positions, these positions must carry greater rewards than others. TERM 55
split labor market theory
DEFINITION 55 is a theory that suggests social structure, not individual preferences, is responsible for economic inequalities
median income average in
TERM 62
median income by nativity
DEFINITION 62 most to least: naturalized citizen, native born, foreign born, noncitizen, naturalized citizen and native born above average TERM 63
median income by sex
DEFINITION 63 most to least: males, females. both below average TERM 64
median income by region
DEFINITION 64 most to least: northeast, west, midwest, south. northeast and west about the same. midwest just below average TERM 65
U.S. Poverty Rate
DEFINITION 65
Poverty Threshold
One Person: <65: $11,344. above 65=$10,458Two People: No Children=$14,602. With One Child=$15,030Four People: No Children=$ 22,491, With One Child: $22,859. With two children: $22, TERM 67
Average 2010 Poverty Threshold
DEFINITION 67 $ 26, TERM 68
Income of the Family
DEFINITION 68 Mother: $10,000Father: $7,000Great-Aunt: $10,000Children: $0Total: $27, TERM 69
Poverty Statistics by Race &
Ethnicity
DEFINITION 69 Poverty Rate Most-Least: Hispanics, Blacks, Asians, WhitesAbsolute Numbers: Whites, Hispanics, Blacks, Asians TERM 70
Poverty Levels by Nativity
DEFINITION 70 Poverty Rate Most-Least: Noncitizens, Foreign Born, Native Born, NaturalizedAbsolute Numbers: Native, Noncitizen, Naturalized, Foreign Born
Source of Income for Those in Extreme
Poverty
TANF/SSI/FS, earnings, other income TERM 77
Rate of Earnings, Other Incomes, and Public
Assistance by Race/Ethnicity
DEFINITION 77 TANF/SSI/FS: Blacks, Hispanics, WhitesEarnings: Hispanics, Whites, BlacksOther Income: Whites, Blacks, Hispanics TERM 78
Rates of Earnings in EXTREME POVERTY
DEFINITION 78 TANF/SSI/FS: blacks, hispanics, whitesEarnings: hispanics, whites, blacksOther Income: whites, blacks, hispanics. TERM 79
Rate of Earnings all Family Types
DEFINITION 79 TANF/SSI/FS: female, male, marriedEarnings: married, male, femaleOther Income: female, male, married TERM 80
Rate of Earnings all Family Types EXTREME
POVERTY
DEFINITION 80 TANF/SSI/FS: female, male, marriedEarnings: married, female, maleOther Income: married, female, male
Population Receiving Assistance
Most- Least: FS, TANF & FS, SSI, SSI & FS, TANF
