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ability grouping - - A type of grouping where students are placed together according to their skill level, in high, middle or low groups. The TExES exam does not like this practice as research indicates that it is not very effective and has some negative consequences. abstract - - Characterized only in thought; non- concrete. Considered apart from concrete existence.Not applied or practical; theoretical. active engagement - - Student are actively participating in an activity in a meaningful, hands-on way. This type of activity is more likely to help students to understand and remember the concept or lesson. acitve listening - - Paying close attention to what is currently being said. Often the listener is silently making mental notes and focusing on not just the content, but also any emotional content, as well, and connecting what is being said to prior knowledge and experience. age appropriate - - Instructional lessons, activities, etc, that fit the development, language and ability level of the child. This is not necessarily the same thing as developmentally appropriate, since a child's developmental level may not be the same as his/her age level. alternative assessment - - A type of evaluation other than a conventional test. It is sometimes used with students who cannot take a conventional test for some reason or for whom a conventional test is not an accurate assessment of their knowledge or ability. analysis - - Taking knowledge apart to understand how it fits together. It is one of the higher order thinking skills. application - - Applying or using what is known to solve an actual problem. Admission, Review, and Dismissal (ARD) Committee
- In Texas a team that determines a student's eligibility for special education services, reviews the eligibility on a regular basis, and determines an appropriate individual education plan for the student. assessment - - S way of monitoring progress; the act of testing, determining an evaluation of a particular skill or content area; includes many different approaches and formats, formal, informal and authentic evaluation procedures. assimilation (Piaget) - - According to Piaget this is the process of fitting new ideas or concepts into existing ideas or concepts. It suggests that a child may change or alter what he perceives in the outside world in order to fit his internal world. authentic assessment - - Using evaluations procedures that measure exactly what learning has occurred. It literally means "real" and usually consists of a product that the student produces to demonstrate knowledge or mastery of a skill. autonomy - - The process of becoming independent and regulating one's own behavior. Bloom's Taxonomy - - Proposed by Benjamin Bloom this is a classification tool developed to categorize learning from low level thinking to very high level thinking. comprehension - - Understanding and knowledge something, whether it is a concept, content information, behavior, etc. It is often used in relation to reading (reading comprehension) to indicate that a reader remembers and understands what was read. But, it is not limited exclusively to reading.
constructivism - - An instructional approach based on the theory on the idea that children build understanding by an active learning process. Students build their own learning and knowledge by exploration, discovery and questioning. content validity - - How well a test measures what is was designed to measure. convergent thinking - - Involves combining or joining different ideas together Based on elements these ideas have in common. In short, it means putting the different pieces of a topic back together in some organized, structured and understandable fashion. Convergent thinking, then, is an essential part of the outlining and organizing process. deductive reasoning - - The process of thinking from general terms to specific terms; framing thinks so as to eliminate ideas or possibilities one by one English as a Second Language (ESL) - - A program for teaching the English language to children whose first language is not English, although in practice it is much more comprehensive than this and includes the teaching of academic content to students with limited English proficiency. It involves effective instructional strategies for teaching English to non-native speakers. ethical behavior - - Acting in the highest moral principles and values. For educators in Texas it means behavior and practices that conform to the Texas Educators' Code of Ethics evaluation - - Critical thinking that involves making and supporting judgments. This is one of the higher order thinking skills in Bloom's Taxonomy. extrinsic motivation - - Wanting to do something, behaving in a certain way or achieving something because of some type of external reward. The reward could be something tangible, i.e. money, food, etc. or it could be intangible, i.e. praise, better grade, etc. formal assessment - - Measuring knowledge or skill acquistion by means of a standardized test, very often using a commercially published test, although it doesn't have to be commercially published to be formal, but it would need to be standardized. formative assessment - - Monitoring progress before and during learning in order to guide any necessary adjustments and the pace of learning. Formative assessment gives teh teacher inforamtion regarding how well students are understanding a particular concept or skill in order to determine the effectiveness of the instruction. It is done on an ongoing basis during instruction. graphic organizers - - A type of visual displaly, chart, graphic, etc. that helps students with planning, organizing, connecting, engaging and evaluating their larning. They are tools that assist teachers and students in the learning process. They take many forms, venn diagrams, semantic maps, timelines, KWL charts, story maps, outlines, etc. grouping - - Placing students together in order to for a lesson or other learning or instructional activity. Groupins is sometimes done on the basis of a single student characteristic, such as ability or ethnicity and when done on that basis it is not very effective or desirable. hands-on activities - - activities designed so that they require students to get actively engaged in the learning activity in a physical way. higher oder questions - - questions that engage the child in more complex cogniive skills. It is usually used to refer to thinking process that are more sophisticated and on the upper level of Bloom's
court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students and denying black children equal educational opportunities unconstitutional. bilingual education - - Second language instruction in which students are instructed in academic subject areas in their native language while simultaneously being taught to speak and write in the second language. brainstorming - - An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating associated ideas. The focus on brainstorming is the quantity of ideas and not necessarily their quality, as a starting point to examining and analyzing ideas. Jerome Bruner - - Discovery learning and constructivism. He wrote that the aim of education should be to create autonomous learners. He proposed three modes of representation: Enactive representation (action-based); Iconic representation (image-based); and Symbolic representation (language-based) Chapter 1- Educational Improvement Act - - The purpose of this federal law is to provide financial assistance to State and local educational agencies to meet the special educational needs of educationally deprived children. It is recognized, generally, as the funding source for rememdial math and reading programs in school. classical conditioning - - Conditioning that pairs a neutral stimulus with a stimulus that evokes a reflex (first identified by Pavlov). For instance, dogs learn to associate a bell with feeding time, so when they hear the bell they immediately start to salivate becasue they have been conditioned to do so. classroom management - - Techniques used to maintain a healthy learning environment, relatively free of behavior problems. cognitive domain - - As described by Benjamin Bloom, this part of the brain that includes content knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. This includes the recall or recognition of specific facts and concepts that serve developing intellectual abilities and skills. There are six major categories, starting from the simplest behavior (recalling facts) to the most complex (Evaluation). compensatory education - - Programs designed to prevent or remediate learning problems among students from lower socioeconomic status communities. In other words, to compensate for factors that have prevented the students from learning and achieving succes in school. competency based teacher education - - The general process by which the state provides a credential to an individual. Certification is based on the individual demonstrating and documenting achievment and success on specific criterial or competencies. conservation - - The concept or understandign (which Piaget believed to be a part of concrete operational reasoning) that properties such as mass, volume, and number remain the same despite changes in the forms of objects. According to Piaget, young children do not have this concept until the moved out of the concrete operational stage of development. cooperative learning - - Approach to instruction in which students work with a small group of peers to achieve a common goal and help one another learn. core curriculum - - Acommon course of study for all students often called for by essentialist reforms in the 1980's criterion referenced test - - A test that describes
the specific types of skills, tasks, or knowledge of an individual relative to a well-defined mastery criterion. The content of criterion-referenced tests is limited to certain specified objectives. The student's perforamnce on this type of test helps the teacher to determine the specific criteria or skills on which the student needs help. critical thinking - - The intellectually disciplined process of actively and skillfully conceptualizing, applying, analyzing, synthesizing, and/or evaluating information gathered from, or generated by, observation, experience, reflection, reasoning, or communication, as a guide to belief and action. cultural pluralism - - A condition in which many cultures coexist within a society and still maintain their cultural uniqueness. curriculum - - All the courses of study offered by an educational institution decentralization - - A process whereby a higher central source of responsibility and authority assign certain responsibility and authority to a subordinate position. Example: site-based management. Allowing lower level units of an organization make many of their own decisions. De Facto Segregation - - segregation "by fact," i.e., segregation that results from such factors as housing patterns rather than law. De Jure Segregation - - Segregation that is imposed by law. diagnostic test - - A test that helps the teacher to determine students areas of weakness. It helps to identify specific areas, skills or knowledge that are problems for the student. discovery learning - - A constructivist approach. A teaching strategy that allows students to learn by their own active exploration of a concep. Students begin learning with an activity designed to lead them to particular concepts or conclusions. Students acquire basic and advanced knowledge in random order. (Bruner's approach) disequilibration - - In Piaget's theory, the "out of balance" state that occurs when a person realizes that his or her current ways of thinking are not working to solve a problem or understand a situation. New knowledge has be to integrated with the old knoweldge to restore balance. divergent thinker - - An open ended type of thinking that extends in different directions and considers multiple answers to a question. An instructional activity or question that taps into divergent thinking is one that is likely to result in the widest variety of student answers, responses or products. due process - - A judicial requirement that enacted laws may not contain provisions that result in the unfair, arbitrary, or unreasonable treatment of an individual. equilibration - - Piaget's term for the tendency to seek a stable balance among cognitive elements; achieved through a balance between assimilation and accommodation. Erik Erickson - - A neo-Freudian psychologist that hypothesized that people f pass through 8 social development stages from infancy to old age. Each challenge has an outcome that affects a person's social and personality development.
- Infancy: Birth to 18 Months Ego Development Outcome: Trust vs. Mistrust Basic strength: Drive and Hope
- Early Childhood: 18 Months to 3 Years Ego Development Outcome: Autonomy vs. Shame Basic Strengths: Self-control, Courage, and Will
homogeneous grouping - - An educational practice in which students of similar abilities are placed within the same instructional groups. Research indicates that it is an ineffective instructional approach that can result in low student self-esteem and usually does not result in improved student learning. House Bill 72 - - Series of education reforms in TX headed by Ross Perot that gave higher teacher salaries, more teacher requirements, and the no pass no play rule. I-Message - - Clear nonaccusatory statement of how something is affecting you practically and emotionally. Individual Education Program (IEP) - - A written educational plan for special needs students developed by professionals and the child's parent. Describes education related services developed for each student with a disability. It is a requirement of the IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act). inductive reasoning - - Reasoning from detailed facts to general principles. It constructs or evaluates general propositions that are derived from specific examples. Inductive reasoning contrasts with deductive reasoning, in which specific examples are derived from general propositions. integration - - Process of bringing people of different races in schools together rather than in separate schools or settings. intrinsic motivation - - A desire to do something that comes from within oneself. Type of motivation in which a person performs an action because the act itself is rewarding or satisfying in some internal manner. Lawrence Kohlberg - - Theorist who claimed individuals go through a series of stages in the process of moral development. Kohlberg's theory of moral development outlined six stages within three different levels. Kohlberg extended Piaget's theory, proposing that moral development is a continual process that occurs throughout the lifespan. Lau vs. Nichols - - Supreme Court rule that schools that do not provide special help for children with limited English are limiting their civil rights.This is landmark legislation for bilingual education in the U.S.(1974). The Supreme Court ruled that school districts must help non-English speaking students learn English. Learning center - - A specific area in the classroom where students can work at their own ability levels and where materials and activities may be used to develop knowledge in a given subject area(s). learning disability - - A disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involving understanding or in using language, which may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to speak, think, listen, read, write, spell, or do mathematical calculations. Students diagnosed with a learning disability compose almost half of all students placed in special education programs in schools. least restrictive environment - - A legal requirement that children with disabilities be educated with their non disabled peers to the greatest extent possible. The says the students with disabilities should be separated from their age level peers only when their instructional needs can not be met in the general education setting. mainstreaming - - The practice of educating students with special needs in regular classes during specific time periods based on their skills.
Abraham Maslow - - Theory: "Hierarchy of Needs" Maslow is known for establishing a theory of a hierarchy of human needs in which certain lower needs must be satisfied before higher needs can be met. Lower level needs consist of food and safety, and belonging and higher level needs consist of esteem, independence and self-actualization (personal growth and fulfillment). mastery instruction/learning - - An approach in which the form of instruction and the time available for learning are based on the individual needs of the student. instructional objectives are defined and taught directly. Immediate feedback is provided to the student. The teacher reteaches concepts until the student has mastered them before moving on to the next concepts. mean - - The arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores. median - - The score that falls exactly in the center of a distribution of scores. mental retardation - - A condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score (IQ) below 70 and difficulty in adapting behavior consists with IQ. The term has been changed to intellectual disability. metacognition - - Literally means "thinking about thinking." It involves activities such as planning how to approach a given learning task, monitoring comprehension, and evaluating progress toward the completion of a task are metacognitive in nature. It plays a critical role in successful learning mode - - The most frequently occurring score in a distribution; it is the simplest measure of central tendency to determine. Morrill Act - - (1862) Federal law that gave land to western states to build agricultural and engineering colleges. multicultural education - - Instruction that integrates throughout the curriculum the perspectives and experiences of numerous cultural groups. Nation At Risk - - 1983 National Commission report calling for extensive educational reforms, including more academic course requirements, more stringent college entrance requirements, upgraded and updated textbooks, and longer school days and year. norm referenced test - - A test designed to indicate how an individual performs in relation to a comparison of grade/age level peers. An IQ test is an example of this. normal curve - - A graph of frequency distribution shaped like a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve; a graph of normal distribution. It demonstrates the percentage of people having varying degrees of a certain characteristic ( such as height or IQ) that is normally distributed in the population. Northwest Ordinance - - The law that advocated some sort of elementary education should be provided free, at public expense and under public control, for everyone who could not afford or did not want private schooling. operant conditioning - - Learning that is strengthened when behavior is followed by positive reinforcement. Jean Piaget - - Swiss psychologist remembered for his studies of cognitive development in children (1896-1980) in which he described stages that children go through during cognitive development. Certain skills and abilities are only developed when
spiral curriculum - - Bruner's process of building on a student's previous kowledge to introduce new and broader concepts that are related. standard deviation - - A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score (the square root of the variance). standardized test - - A test with uniform procedures for administration and scoring. Many standardized tests allow a person's performance to be compared with the performance of other individuals. stanine - - Whole-number scores from 1 to 9, each representing a wide range of raaw scores. Stanine scores combine some of the properties of percentile ranks with some of the properties of standard scores. student centered (learner centered) - - Instruction which considers the ability and needs of the student in the planning process. Instruction focuses on the outcomes or behaviors expected and desired by the learners. summative evaluation - - Evaluation conducted after instruction to assess students' final achievement. time on task - - Time spent actively engaged in learning the task at hand. time out - - A disciplinary technique in which a child is separated from other people and removed from social reinforcement and interaction for a specified time (usually one minute for each year old the child's age). tracking - - The process of monitoring a student's achievement over a period of time, usually years. This information is often used for placement and instructional purposes. It can also refer to the process of placing students in specifically focused educational programs (an "academic track," or a "vocational track") and requiring them to remain in those programs. transfer - - Occurs when a student connects the new knowledge being presented to familiar concepts. values-centered curriculum - - Places special emphasis on moral and ethical issue. More popularly known as character education. Portfolio - - A collection of examples of a person's work. For example, samples of products indicating an individual's proficiency and skill in performing a certain type of work. Annual Teacher Appraisal - - In Texas these are required to support and assist teachers in identifying areas of needed approval in teaching so that they can obtain appropriate professional development. Texas Education Agency (TEA) - - The state agency in Texas that has administrative and supervisory authority over the operation of public schools. Implements laws passed by the legislature and establishes policies and procedures for implement laws and other legal requirements. Workstations - - An instructional approach that establishes instructional areas where students work individually or in small groups to work independently on instructional tasks and projects. Rubric - - An assessment method in which a form is developed specifying the requirement elements and components of an assignment, along with the points awarded for meeting various levels of quality for the individual components. It is a way of
evaluating assignments consisting of some type of product (a paper, a project). It also allows students to know in advance the criteria by which the assignment will be evaluated. Syntax - - A major component of grammar, it is the rules by which words are put together in the right form and order to appropriately form sentences, phrases and clauses. Semantics - - The meaning of words, closely related to the concept of vocabulary. The relationship between and among words and their various meanings. Baseline - - Means the beginning point. When used with a word like "data" or "assessment" it refers to where a student was before beginning a lesson or intervention. Gestalt - - Means "unified whole." It refers to theories of visual perception developed by German psychologists in the 1920s. It describes how people tend to organize visual elements into groups or unified wholes when certain principles are applied. These principles are: Similarity, Anomaly (difference), Continuation, Closure, Proximity, Figure and Ground. Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA)
- A federal law that governs student confidentiality in schools. It requires that schools not divulge, reveal or share any personally identifiable information about a student or his/her family, unless it is with another school employee who needs the information to work with the student. An exception is the publishing of student directory information. Behavior Intervention Plan (BIP) - - A component of an IEP it is developed for students with special behavior problems and identifies the strategies and steps school personnel will use with the student to address the behavior. Reflection - - Thinking about something one has done or something that has been done as a means of analyzing its effectiveness and planning any needed changes or alterations for the future. Elaboration - - To expand or build upon something that was done or said. Scaffolding - - Structured (but not intrusive) intervention and supports that allows the child to access functions and activities that are not available when working alone. The interventions and supports are gradually removed until the child is doing the task on his or her own. Direct instruction - - An instructional approach to academic subjects that emphasizes the use of carefully sequenced steps that include demonstration, modeling, guided practice, and independent application. Concept - - A type of graphic organizer that provides a visual picture to assist in understanding a concept or term. Authentic artifact - - A real example or item, such as an actual piece of clothing worn in the civil war, or an actual letter from an historical figure, or an actual plant or mineral being discussed in science class. Abstract thinking - - A level of thinking about things that is removed from the facts of the "here and now", and from specific examples of the things or concepts being thought about. Abstract thinkers are able to reflect on events and ideas, and on attributes and relationships separate from the objects that have those attributes or share those relationships. Concrete thinking - - Thought derived from the
stage of cognitive development. Adolescence through adulthood. Adolescents who reach this fourth stage of intellectual development are able to logically use symbols related to abstract concepts, such as algebra and science. They can think about multiple variables in systematic ways, formulate hypotheses, and consider possibilities. They also can ponder abstract relationships and concepts such as justice. Locus of control - - Refers to where an individual believes the control for his or life is. A person can have an external locus of control, believing that s/he has no control over what happens, how successful s/he is, that iis all a matter of luck, fate, etc.. Or, a person can have an internal locus of control meaning that s/he believes that s/he can control outcomes by making different decisions, working harder, etc. Multidisciplinary - - A lesson that or study that incorporates and integrates knowledge and activities from different subject areas, such as science, math, and social studies. Cultural competence - - The ability to interact effectively with people of different cultures and socio- economic backgrounds. It comprises four components: (a) Awareness of one's own cultural worldview, (b) Attitude towards cultural differences, (c) Knowledge of different cultural practices and worldviews, and (d) Cross-cultural skills. Developing cultural competence results in an ability to understand, communicate with, and effectively interact with people across cultures. Cultural Pluralism - - Refers to different groups in society keeping their distinctive cultures while coexisting peacefully with the dominant group. A society in which different cultures or ethnic groups live together in harmony and mutual respect, each retaining some of its cultural identity. Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) -
- The state curriculum required to be taught in public schools. It identifies what knowledge and skills students should have mastered at various points during their school career (K.3, third-month of Kindergarten,etc.) It doesn't tell how to asses those skills or how to teach them, but simply identifies when they are to be taught and mastered. Diagnostic test - - A test to determine more specifically the exact nature a student, or students', learning problems. It con help the teacher identify ways to better assist the the students. It is often administered after a standardized test is given that reveals that the student is having problems learning in a certain content area, but the exact nature of the problem is not known. Bookmark/Favorites - - A tool on an Internet browser (Explorer, Firefox) to save website addresses for later use. Search engine - - An Internet program that allows a user to find website and other documents on a particular subject (Google, Bing, Yahoo, etc.) Simulation - - In terms of computers this is a program that allows a user to engage in an activity or task that is close to the actual thing. It is often used when the actual thing is not possible or desirable. It is used o increase creativity and problem solving skill and to expand a student's understanding of concepts. Drill and practice - - This is an instructional approach used to help students increase mastery of a concept or skill and to maintain existing knowledge and skills. For instance, practicing a certain type of math problem. Site-based management - - In terms of schools, this refers to teachers, administrators, parents, and other community members actively participating in making decisions to improve student learning within a school.
Inquiry-based learning - - Students develop hypotheses, collect information/data to test the hypotheses and analyze information/data and formulate conclusions based on the analyses. This is sometimes referred to as the scientific method. Problem-based learning - - Students acquire knowledge and deepen their understanding as a result of developing solutions to real life problems. Bloom's Taxonomy - - Bloom's Taxonomy is a classification of learning objectives within education proposed in 1956 by a committee of educators chaired by Benjamin Bloom. Bloom's Taxonomy divides educational objectives into three "domains": Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor. Teachers should teach to the higher levels of the cognitive domain.
