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To what extent was fear of revolution the main reason why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918? 9. (Use recalled knowledge to introduce, then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.) 9. - It could be argued that fear of revolution was the main reason why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918. However, other factors were also important such as self interest, racism and social factors. Firstly, fear of revolution was an important factor as to why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918 because many Americans were afraid that immigrants from Eastern Europe would bring in dangerous new ideas such as communism. This was called 'Red Scare'. Secondly, fear of revolution was an important factor as to why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918 because there was a growing fear of social unrest/violent revolution in America in the aftermath of Russian Revolution. Thirdly, fear of revolution was an important factor as to why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918 because in 1919 there was a huge wave of strikes in USA which Americans claimed were caused by revolutionary workers from Eastern Europe. However, self interest was also an important factor as to why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918 because there was concern that immigrants would create pressure on scarce housing. Secondly, racism was also an important factor as to why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918 because immigrants were often blamed for crime, disease,
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alcoholism and other social problems in cities. Thirdly, social factors were another important factor as to why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 1918 because there were religious differences - older immigrants were mainly Protestant whereas new immigrants were often Catholic/Jewish. In conclusion, fear of revolution was the most important factor as to why many Americans' attitude towards immigration changed after 191 Sources A and B are about the experience of immigrants in the USA in the 1920s. Source A Italians didn't want to buy land. Few planned to stay in America for long, but wanted to return to Italy some day. They headed for the great cities where there was a far better prospect of finding employment. Italian Americans succeeded in jobs requiring little formal education, such as small business ownership. However, like other immigrants, they found other ways of making a living. Politics and sports were ladders for upward mobility. Source B My family lived in the city of Chicago. When I was 14 years old I started dodging school and so didn't get much formal education. Around this time I turned to stealing. Then we joined an older gang because although they were only around 20 years old they were in the big money and drove around in fancy automobiles. My father came from Monfalcone in Italy and always hoped to return ther - Overall, source A and source B agree about the experience of immigrants in the
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rights. Secondly, there was a growth in the civil rights movement between 1945 and 1968 because NAACP and other organisations effectively highlighted discrimination faced by black Americans and gained support of both black and white Americans in support of civil rights. Thirdly, there was a growth in the civil rights movement between 1945 and 1968 because black people in the South living under a system of segregation were subjected to violent persecution, such as lynching, and demanded reform. Fourthly, there was a growth in the civil rights movement between 1945 and 1968 because there was concern at other inequalities faced by black Americans. For example low wages, poor housing and growing demands for improvements. Another reason why there was a growth in the civil rights movement between 1945 and 1968 was because of the success of non-violent protests. For example, Montgomery Bus Boycott and Birmingham march encouraged others to become involved. Lastly, there was a growth in the civil rights movement between 1945 and 1968 because media coverage especially television heightened awareness and motivated many to support the campaign. Source C is about the appeal of the Black Panthers to many black Americans. Source C The name 'Black Panther' was chosen because the panther is a strong fighter when it is cornered. They urged that it was now time to defend black Americans against this white aggression. When Huey Newton said things like "The police have never been our protectors", he voiced the distrust many black Americans felt towards the police. Little credit or publicity was given to the self-help programmes
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organised by the Black Panthers. In addition they also had a ten- point programme which included demands for better housing and education. How fully does Source C describe the appeal of the Black Panthers to many black Americans? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.) 6. - Source C describes the appeal of the Black Panthers to many black Americans quite fully. Source C states that, "urged that it was now time to defend black Americans against this white aggression." This fully shows that Black Panthers appealed to many black Americans as Black Panthers stood against discrimination towards blacks. Source C also mentions that, "Huey Newton voiced the distrust many black Americans felt towards the police". This fully shows that Black Panthers appealed to many black Americans as Black Panthers speak on many important issues that black people face. Source C also says that, "they also had a ten-point programme which included demands for better housing and education." This fully shows that Black Panthers appealed to many black Americans as they campaigned for better living conditions and education. However source C does not fully describe the appeal of the Black Panthers to many black Americans because it does not mention that Black Panthers had charismatic leaders who gained attention and popularity. Furthermore, source C does not fully describe the appeal of the Black Panthers to many black Americans because it does not mention that Black Panthers gained support due to their efforts to give practical help to poor blacks such as breakfast clubs in schools and providing free health clinics. Lastly, source C does not fully describe the appeal of the Black Panthers to many black Americans because it does not mention that The
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constitute a menace and danger to us every day." This is useful because it is accurate. However, source A is less useful as evidence of the reasons why many Americans were against immigration in the 1920s because it fails to mention that there was concern that employers would use immigrants to break strike. The source is also less useful because it does not mention that many WASP Americans saw the arrival of Jewish and Roman Catholic immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe as a threat to their Protestant religion. The source is a speech. This is useful because his views would reflect popular views. The author of the source is an Alabama Senator. This is useful because he was an eyewitness. The source was written to persuade. This is less useful because it is biased The source was written in the 1920s. This is useful because it was from the time when many Americans were against immigration. Explain the reasons why many black Americans migrated to the North. 6. - There were many reasons as to why many black Americans migrated to the North. Firstly, black Americans migrated to the North because they wanted to escape white violence. This was because in the south black people commonly faced lynchings. Secondly, black Americans migrated to the North because they feared the Ku Klux Klan. The Klu Klux Klan bombed and burned churches, schools and
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other meeting places used by black people. Thirdly, black Americans migrated to the North because they disliked living in southern states where segregation was enforced through the Jim Crow laws. For example, Jim Crow Laws affected all areas of life — education, entertainment, housing, travel, health, leisure, marriage, work — and typically facilities for blacks were inferior to those for whites. Lastly, black Americans migrated to the North because they were attracted to the Jon opportunities available in northern factories. Source B describes the non-violent protests of the Civil Rights Movement. Source B "As soon as the immigrants step off the decks of their ships our problem has begun — the spread of Communism and anarchy. These ships are filled with crooks who are a menace and danger to us every day. Thousands come here who never take the oath to support our constitution and become citizens of the United States. They pay allegiance to some other country and flag while they live upon the benefits of our own. Something must be done to stem the tide of immigration. The 1950s marked the start of the Civil Rights Movement. Reverend Brown launched a legal action in the Supreme Court to win the right to send his child to a white school. Nine black students defied the abuse of white protestors and attended a white school in Little Rock, Arkansas. Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white person and was arrested. She inspired the - Source B describes the non-violent protests of the Civil Rights Movement in the 1950s and 1960s quite fully.
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To what extent were the actions of the police the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s? (Use recalled knowledge to introduce then present a balanced assessment of the influence of different factors and come to a reasoned conclusion.) 9. - It could be argued that the actions of the police were the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s. However other factors were also important such as unemployment, lack of social investment and political factors. Firstly, actions of the police was an important factor for the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s because the mostly white police force was viewed as the enemy to most black Americans in ghettos. Secondly, actions of the police was an important factor for the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s because the race riots were often sparked by acts or even rumours of police discrimination and brutality. Thirdly, actions of the police was an important factor for the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s because the police routinely harassed young black Americans living in ghettos. However, unemployment was also an important factor for the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s because black Americans living in ghettos were frustrated by the lack of job opportunities available to them. Lack of social investment was another important factor for the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s because there were limited medical centres in the ghettos and black Americans were frustrated by their inability to access proper medical care when required. Lastly, political factors
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were also an important factor for the main cause of the race riots that broke out in Northern cities in the 1960s because many black Americans had become disillusioned with the Civil Rights Movement. Many felt that organisations such as the NAACP knew little about ghetto life and the civil rights act had done little to improve mat Describe the difficulties faced by immigrants to the USA in the 1920s. 4. - Immigrants faced many difficulties in the USA in the 1920s. Firstly, on first arrival to America, immigrants were taken to Ellis Island where they faced a physical examination and possible return. Secondly, another difficulty immigrants faced was poor housing conditions. Housing often lacked adequate heating, basic sanitation and clean water. Thirdly, another difficulty immigrants faced in the USA was that the only work available for immigrants was low paid and unskilled Labour. Lastly, one more difficulty immigrants faced in the USA was that they were often viewed as criminals. Source A is from a textbook written by modern historians, published in 2013. Source A "Slavery had been abolished in the 1860s but the Southern states of the USA used Jim Crow laws to maintain a segregated society. Black children were forbidden to attend school with white children. At work, black Americans collected their pay separately from whites. There were also strict bans on whites and blacks
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The source was written to inform. This is useful because it provides well detailed information. The source was written in 2013 which makes it a secondary source. This is useful because it has the benefit of hindsight. Explain the reasons why sit-ins were an important step forward in the campaign for civil rights. 6. - There were many reasons as to why sit-ins were an important step forward in the campaign for civil rights. Firstly, sit-ins were an important step forward in the campaign for civil rights because the success of the sit-ins proved that blacks had economic power and could use it to end segregation. Secondly, sit- ins were an important step forward in the campaign for civil rights because they attracted a great amount of media attention which created sympathy for the civil rights movement. Thirdly, sit-ins were an important step forward in the campaign for civil rights because the sit-ins led to the formation of the Students Non-Violent Co-Ordinating Committee (SNCC) which provided student volunteers for marches and other protests. Another reason why sit-ins were an airport step forward in the campaign for civil rights was because sit-ins gave young black American students the confidence and determination to campaign for civil rights. Source B describes events in Birmingham, Alabama in 1963. Source B
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"Birmingham was probably the most racist and segregated place in the USA. Martin Luther King led a protest march through Birmingham against the discrimination and inequality faced by black Americans in the city. The march was led by children with over 30,000 demonstrators taking part. Chief of Police, Bull Connor, ordered the arrest of protestors and many children aged 6 to 18 were jailed. On the following day water cannons were used to disperse the marchers. The events in Birmingham caused an outcry across America." How fully does Source B describe the civil rights protest in Birmingham in 1963? (Use the source and recall to reach a judgement.) 6. - Source B describes the civil rights protest in Birmingham in 1963 quite fully. Source B says, "Martin Luther King led a protest march through Birmingham against the discrimination and inequality faced by black Americans in the city." This fully shows that the civil rights protest in Birmingham was led by Martin Luther King. Source B also says, "The march was led by children with over 30, demonstrators taking part. " This fully shows that a huge amount of children participated in the civil rights protest in Birmingham. Source B also says, "On the following day water cannons were used to disperse the marchers." This fully shows that the police used violence clear away protestors fighting for their civil rights in Birmingham. However, source B does not fully describe the civil rights protest in Birmingham in 1963 because it does not mention many protestors were beaten and injured by the police. Furthermore, the source does not fully describe the civil rights protest in Birmingham in 1963 because it does not mention that dogs were also used by
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Source C says, "Malcolm was a racist who hated white Americans, in much the same way that members of the KKK hated black Americans." whereas source D says, "Malcolm didn't hate white Americans, he just distrusted them, not because of their skin colour but because of the way they treated his people." Therefore, sources C and D disagree about Malcolms X's opinion on white people. Source C says, "Malcolm argued that black Americans were a superior people to other races." whereas source D says, "Malcolm never believed that black people were superior to anyone else." Therefore, sources C and D disagree about whether Malcolm X thought black people were superior to white people. Sources A and B describe the activities of the Ku Klux Klan. Source A "Dressed in their white hoods the Klan were very frightening — they looked like ghosts! They sneaked around at night when us blacks were in our beds. My father told me that I should avoid them at all costs. He said the Klansmen tied up the blacks that they caught and beat them. They left their victims with their hands tied in the air and the blood streaming out of their wounds." Source B "The Klan came to my house about ten o'clock. I was in bed at that time fast asleep. I jumped up, stepped to the door and looked out. As far as I could see they were all disguised, with white sheets pulled over their heads. The Klansmen came
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in and when I spoke they grabbed me. They took me out into the yard and struck me three times over the head with a pistol." Compare the views of source A and B about about the activities of the Klu Klux Klan. (Compare the so - Overall, sources A and B agree about the activities of the Klu Klux Klan. Source A says, "Dressed in their white hoods the Klan were very frightening - they looked like ghosts!" and source B says, "As far as I could see they were all disguised, with whites sheets pulled over their heads." Therefore sources A and B agree that the Klu Klux Klan dressed in white and didn't show their faces. Source A says, "the Klansmen tied up the blacks that they caught and beat them. They left their victims with their hands tied in the air and the blood streaming out of their wounds." and source B says, "They took me out into the yard and struck me three times over the head with a pistol." Therefore, sources A and B agree that the Klu Klux Klan used violence to portray their radical beliefs. Source C is about the growth of the civil rights movement after 1945. Source C "Soldiers in World War II experienced life in a more equal society when abroad and were determined to fight against discrimination when they returned. In the years that followed the war the campaign to gain equality for black Americans grew. Black Americans were better educated than previous generations and therefore better equipped to challenge discrimination. The success of the Montgomery Bus Boycott encouraged others to become involved in the fight for
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faced by black Americans and in attracting the support of black and white Americans in the movement for black civil rights. Finally, the source does not fully explain the reasons why there was a growth in the civil rights movement after 1945 because it does not mention that civil rights campaigns, such as at the Marches on Birmingham and Washington, attracted great media publicity which further fuelled demands for change. Describe the events at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957. 4. - Many events occurred at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas in 1957. Firstly, nine black students were encouraged to enrol at the all white school, Central High School, by the NAACP. Secondly, the first black student to attempt to enter the building was Elizabeth Eckford - she was faced with verbal abuse from white protestors outside the school. Thirdly, President Eisenhower sent in federal troops to protect the black students and ensure their safe entry to the school. Lastly, despite the presence of the troops the black students faced verbal and physical abuse from white students at Central High School. Explain the reasons why race riots broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s. 6. - There were many reasons as to why race riots broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s. Firstly, race riots broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s because the predominantly white police forces led to resentment within black communities. Secondly, race riots broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s because poverty and unemployment levels
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were high, which caused frustration in the communities. Thirdly, race riots broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s because housing in the ghetto was overcrowded and of poor quality which further fuelled resentment amongst black Americans. Another reason why race riots broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s was because black Americans were angry at the lack of health services in the ghettos. Race riots also broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s because high crime rates in the ghetto led to even greater feelings of despair. Lastly, race riots broke out in the ghettos of Northern cities in the 1960s because radical groups, such as the Black Panthers, encouraged direct action. Describe the ways that Jim Crow laws segregated black and white Americans. 4. - The Jim Crow laws segregated black and white Americans in many ways. Firstly, there were separate restaurants for black and white Americans. Secondly, there were separate schools for black and white Americans. Thirdly, there were separate toilets and water fountains for black and white Americans. Lastly, there were separate leisure and sporting facilities for black and white Americans. Explain the reasons why many Americans were against immigration by the 1920s.
- There were many reasons as to why Americans were against immigration by the 1920s. Firstly, Americans were against immigration by the 1920s because immigrants were accused of taking jobs from Americans. Secondly, Americans were against immigration by the 1920s because there was concern that
