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The Basic Human Biology 1

Basic Human Biology

Lecture-3-

The Basic Human Biology 2

Introductory Concepts

All living creatures are made up of cells.

They exist in wide variety of forms, from

single cell to those in complex biological

organisms.

This module is intended to provide a and

basic knowledge of the fundamentals

involved in understanding the structure

and function of a living cell and its

interaction with its environment.

The Basic Human Biology 4

Prokaryotic cells

Virus:

• Size scale: 20-200 nm
• Structure: Single or double stranded DNA or

RNA

• Function: Infectious but not self replicating

Bacteria:

• Size scale: 1-10 μm
• Structure: Single cell organism consisting of

single closed compartment that lacks a defined

nucleus

• Function: free living and self replicating

The Basic Human Biology 5

Eukaryotic cells

Animal cell:

• Size scale: 10-100 μm
• Structure: Complex structure surrounded

by a lipid membrane, containing an

organized nuclear structure

• Function: Self replicating and able to

assemble to form tissues

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Cellular structure

Biological systems are essentially an assembly of

molecules where water, amino acids, carbohydrates (sugar), fatty acids, and ions account for 75-80% of the matter in the cells.

The remainder of the cell mass is accounted for by

macromolecules, also called polymers (or biopolymers), which include peptide/ proteins (formed from amino acids), polysaccharides (formed from sugars), DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid, formed from nucleotide bases and de oxyribose sugar), RNA (ribonucleic acid, formed from nucleotide bases and ribose sugar), and phospholipids (formed from fatty acids).

The Basic Human Biology 8

Cellular structure

These macromolecules polymers organize

to form cells

To contain these molecules, a semi

permeable membrane (phospholipids

bilayer) surrounds them to form a cell.

From a single pluripotent cell (a cell with the

capacity to differentiate into several cell

types) arises tissues, organs and finally

complex living organism.

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Cell Biology

That

branch of Biology which deals with

the

anatomy and physiology of the cell

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Organization from cell to the planet

• Biosphere
• Ecosystem
• Community
• Population
• Species
• Multicultural organism
• Organ system
• Organ
• Tissue
• Cell
• Organelle
• Micro and macro molecule
• Atom
• Subatomic particle

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The Human Cell

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Types of cell

Two main categories of

the cell are

a) Somatic cell

b) Genetic cell

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Components of the cell

The cell consists of:

a) Cell Membrane

b) Cytoplasm

c) Nucleus

Cytoplasm Cellmembrane

Nucleus

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The Plasma Membrane—A Cell's

Protective Coat

The outer lining of a eukaryotic cell is called the

plasma membrane. This membrane serves to

separate and protect a cell from its surrounding

environment and is made mostly from a double

layer of proteins and lipids, fat-like molecules.

Embedded within this membrane are a variety of

other molecules that act as channels and

pumps, moving different molecules into and out

of the cell.

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Organelles

• The human body contains many different

organs, such as the heart, lung, and

kidney, with each organ performing a

different function. Cells also have a set of

"little organs", called organelles , that are

adapted and/or specialized for carrying out

one or more vital functions. Organelles are

found only in eukaryotes and are always

surrounded by a protective membrane.

The Basic Human Biology 20

Organelles

• Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
• Ribosomes
• Golgi Bodies
• Lysosomes
• Peroxysomes
• Centrosomes
• Mitochondria