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The Muscular System, Schemes and Mind Maps of Anatomy

Anatomy

This document covers the anatomy and physiology of the muscular system. It discusses the function of muscles, their gross anatomy, muscle architecture, classification by shape and function, muscle attachments, actions, nomenclature, groups and functions. It also covers the physiology of muscles, skeletal muscle structure, sarcomeres, muscle contractions, relaxation, tone, stimulation response, isotonic and isometric contractions, sources of ATP, muscle fibre types, fatigue, oxygen debt, delayed onset muscle soreness, and aging muscles.

Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps

2022/2023

Uploaded on 03/14/2023

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ekanga 🇺🇸

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The Muscular System
Topics covered
- Function of muscles
- Gross anatomy of muscles
- Muscle architecture
- Classifying muscles by shape
- Classifying muscles by function
- Muscle attachments
- Muscle actions
- Muscle nomenclature
- Muscle groups and functions
▪ Axial
1. Head/neck
2. Vertebral column
3. Lower trunk
4. Pelvis
▪ Appendicular
1. Shoulder
2. Muscles that position the scapula
3. Upper limb
4. Lower limb
- Physiology of muscles
- Skeletal muscle structure
- Sarcomeres
- Muscle contractions
- Muscle relaxation
- Muscle tone
- Muscle stimulation response
- Resting muscle length
- Isotonic and isometric contractions
- Sources of ATP
- Muscle fibre types
- Muscle fatigue
- Oxygen ‘debt’
- Delayed onset muscle soreness
- Aging muscles
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The Muscular System

Topics covered

  • Function of muscles
  • Gross anatomy of muscles
  • Muscle architecture
  • Classifying muscles by shape
  • Classifying muscles by function
  • Muscle attachments
  • Muscle actions
  • Muscle nomenclature
  • Muscle groups and functions ▪ Axial
    1. Head/neck
    2. Vertebral column
    3. Lower trunk
    4. Pelvis ▪ Appendicular
    5. Shoulder
    6. Muscles that position the scapula
    7. Upper limb
    8. Lower limb
  • Physiology of muscles
  • Skeletal muscle structure
  • Sarcomeres
  • Muscle contractions
  • Muscle relaxation
  • Muscle tone
  • Muscle stimulation response
  • Resting muscle length
  • Isotonic and isometric contractions
  • Sources of ATP
  • Muscle fibre types
  • Muscle fatigue
  • Oxygen ‘debt’
  • Delayed onset muscle soreness
  • Aging muscles

Function of muscles

  • Movement: o Skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation causes bones to move at their joints. o Contraction of the diaphragm muscle produces volume and pressure changes to the thoracic cavity  assists in breathing o Stapedius muscle of the inner ear dampens excessive vibrations to prevent being overwhelmed by the sound of our own voice when we speak.
  • Protection
  • Support Gross anatomy of muscles
  • Each individual muscle cell/fibre = surrounded by endomysium (thin sheet of CT)
  • Each bundle of muscle fibres = fascicle = surrounded by perimysium
  • Each muscle unit = bundle of fascicles = surrounded by epimysium (fibrous CT)
  • The epimysium extends to form tendons
  • Muscles can attach to bones: o Via tendons o Via aponeurosis- (pearly white fibrous sheets i.e. basically a tendon but with a broader insert) e.g. the rectus abdominus inserts into a big fan of CT that has anchoring points all over the abdominal cavity for muscles to pull in different directions where the broad insertions allow a wider ability to contract. o Directly- Some muscles directly attach to the bone e.g. temporalis whereby the periosteum of the bone directly fuses with the epimysium

Classifying muscles by function

  • Not all muscles act as part of a lever system
  • All muscles act upon some position/joint in the body allowing it to move therefore most muscles are based on a lever system
  • Muscles apply FORCE to pull bones i.e. LEVERS to move body parts via joints i.e. FULCRUM
  • The type of lever depends on where the force is
  • Different levers provide different contractions in terms of: o Direction of applied force o Distance of movement caused by the force o Speed of movement caused by the force o Effective strength of the applied force
  • When the fulcrum is located further away from the force  lever works at a mechanical advantage
  • Mechanical advantage: When a small force moves a large load over a short distance (short + strong)

Types of levers

  1. First class levers
    • See-saw looking i.e. fulcrum is between the point of applied force and load to be moved
    • Rare e.g. flexion/extension of neck at atlanto-occipital jointload = front of head, fulcrum = joint, force = muscles at the back of the neck
    • Not very energy efficient
    • Produces a mechanical advantage or disadvantage depending on the strength of the muscle and the location of the fulcrum
  2. Second class levers
    • Wheel-barrow type
    • Fulcrum is located further from the applied force thus the force picks up the entire load to move it against the fulcrum
    • The load moves in the same direction as the applied force (rare event)
    • Small force = moves a large load but SLOW e.g. standing up on toes i.e. PF
    • Works at a mechanical advantage
    • “power” levers (gastrocnemius, soleus)
  3. Third class levers
    • Most common
    • Shovel type
    • Force is much closer to the fulcrum
    • Mechanical disadvantage i.e. moves very quickly but not the strongest
    • E.g. elbow