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TY OF init 2 LI ed) 1. Basies of benolingy : attraction between the nucleus af one atom ond the electron of another uy lonic boncl : transfer of electrons vw) Covolent bonol > Sharing of electrons 3) Metollic: bonel : each metod atom % bondeol to several octoms . * bonding e” ara free move throughout the motenol > 2. Lewis Dot Structure a9: Now > Wdl"s hee +27 LF: 4. Lattice energy : change Mm eneroy thot ankes ploce when seporectedl coms ims owe packeol together a7) form on Jovi. go liol. 2 Mt (q)+ x” 4)->MX ts +9. Na a ao (9) —> Noll (s) nc ° Loative energy = Sib, 2 Og ot ? Pr 2 Lottice eneray T q A q Vvvv 12 1. Loni honol : electroctotic odtraction between & Cotion anol an onion. 2 Grant lottiee , no ndlivioluad, maleeules 22 hagh melting R boiling point (2) TNC, crystals tenol ty be brittle eiponduct electriety » chourgeol pouticles > free th move 4. Metallic benel : positive metal rons surround eol by O& Seo of & >the electrstatic forces. of attraction between cock positive ton Anal clelocalisel electrons. 4. a) malleability wr ductility i efficient ancl wxrform concluetion of heat anol electricity * free maving, electrons avr at tunweedeahes - BMOM - Bb bo on m 5. Alls oy: substance thot Contains a mixture of: elements ancl : possesses metallic properties. an substitutional alloy : replacecl by other metal ocoms of similon aR: W) interstitinl alloy : same of the interstics In the closest pockee metod structure ore occupiedl by smoller atoms. , 6. Covalent baonol 2 nmon-metos have high Imiotion energy % Maoh slechonegati © Bonel. polarity : olefference mm electronegoti vty values of Zeno Ww nigel pvt shaige $7 1 positive pertial chovge st v) a, 4g. Ha H- FS fy at oipole arrow) b eXxceptim : C-S , P-H (wonpolar) > Lit romalecular force (ond). ‘3 Pe i i ner mid E Y stable ae length B the freig bond nt) = Bonol order : . ; i . Single boned (xi) dloeuble bonal (x:Y) imple bond (Xz) v bond length, T bone enerny L4 1. Lewis cinuaure of onal bond O HtOHH OH-O-H ee ee eee ee :0: «0 2 0:0: Bb bo on 2) 190", centrovl actos with no bene poirodl 27 eg We O= Cc=0 © Z electron omens 2 trigonal planar : 20", central octoms with 2 bonds Ro lene paired £ eg. BFs , $0, > bent : <2", central atoms with 2 bonds % | lone parred & £9. $0, BR nis ° 4 electron olomain$ = tetraheolral : 107.5", central cotoms with 4 bends % 0 lene paired 29: Che ae CCly — trigmal pyramilal : a control atoms with 2 bonds t lne paired £9. Ms — bent = 045°, control atoms with 2 bonds 22 le pel & 29, hh0 ° S electron olomains — trigonal, Fipyrenddlol 90° 120°, contra octoms wrth Cheds hele 24. fis fi. > 6ke-sow :<90°%620" J T-shoped, <90° x50" ee aolorns ‘eure 2 bende 2 Lene pairedl 24. UF» - — Linear + (90°. Control ootorss with 2 bonds d: Stone paired 2” 29.1, -O-» °'6 electron olomaing — octahedral : 90°, control tems with & bunds k 0 lene wel & eg: She re > Syunore pyromidlod : 70°, control octoms with S bonols I bat om e-4. Brg... BBE a1 on (FA) > Ig uore Planow : Jo", centrod octums with 4 bonols 2 le paireol e a9: Xe Fe bad 4.2 Moleculow polonity 1. nonpolow +» Comp oseol of only nonpolar bonds ° cantrol gotom & symmetrically surrounoledl, by jdlertical ootoms 42 Hy brvolization orbital, 1 Atomic orbitals Co, pool, f) are. present only jh single unbonoled otems. When atoms form bonds ,-their atomic orbiteds form dy brid orbito . : hyoriol orbitals are fermeol by 2+ ptomic orbitals. ° based nm electron geomety (E0G) not molecular geometry (M &). Cte po ey Pt 1S 25 2p Ms sp? 2.. $p.”..€2.tetraheolrol [4 electron olomains ] 3. sp? ©? trigonal Pjanoer L> electron olomains J oe ren I$ 23 2p Is 26p 2p 1 2ingle bende | dewtle. bend. /1 lone pair 2% 2 dlowble. bonds 4. sp €> lineor [> electron olomains J © 1 triple. bond. & | triple. bonel J 2 double bonds hy briolive iS 2 2p Is 2sp 2p b. opel &> biigenal bipyramiolod - LE olectron. domoar] 6. Spl “E> petahedlra [f electron olomoin 4.4 i: Grqmn.ts). bond: electron. pair is shared m an area. centered. - BMDM - BBE a1 on Unit 3 At ) Intermolecular force : internet between 2 olifferent molecules. (LMF) 2. Intromeleolar force 3 . 4. Dipole -olapole Trtermctions sth it ebetween polo covolet molecules thot 5", a Age hone permanent alipoles ° wtf os strony as covalest /fonde- bond 7 polarity, TIME Coame mass) 4. Vipole-inoluced olipole Intemotions when polar molecwles apprerch honpolyr moleoules, ponpolow molecules will 62 Jnoluced t. have. polow propemtins temperon Q alway ottroctton, \ 5. Interacttns between ponpolor molecules: Lenilen dispersion force (20} 22s randomly fluctuote Ancol Oreote temporary polo property. 2 also exists TA polow molecules ° 7 2 cloud, T polomrable. 4] LeF : Tmwelouw mass / 1 Aotms 2 1. polarizabi lity alent >18P 6. Hyclrrq en beach Cono bind of dipole-dipole jrteraction) =f. Shag type of olipole-—olipole. iitercrction. - between: H beaded wit hiqhy electronegative atom COME) omol onother octom with hgh electronagativity, TIm- dipole. dwteraction > occurs. when Yms.olissolvedl in prlov selvt eeven stronger than. hydrogen bond 2 Jay drake > when ion 15 Surrounoleol by HO __goluoction s when Fon 1s Surreuncled by thor polar solution. §: low- indluedl olipale Ttennetton. ps - BMDM - oa mM 9. Im-dipele > H bond > olipoleolipole > im-induceol olipole > dipole—Inoluced dipele > 2D Io. straight chain : i) strength » TMPX BP branch chon, : Ushanath , LMPXBP - MPXBP, surface tension, Viscosity , heot of vapouration le 1mF vapour pressure , yolotility veimPh ° surfoce tension : imbalance intermolecular force . Viscosity : vesistonce te flow > Vsire fd molecule = Ttemperature, viscosity: [KE t overcome IMF... ° heat of vaporocion ° Vapor pressure ° volatility : ease to ewaporate > LIM, VBP volatility Li l. Gas ia ges 2 high temperedure , law pressure 2X IMF nonidenl /reol 90S..:.lew temperature , boon pressure : 2. Property of Liquid > cohesion : bind similar molecules together adhesion: bind a. substance to a surface > capillary action = the ability of o Liquid 4p trovel upwoval through & soliol 3. Amorphous : lacks form, order, olefineol shape 2 MPR ly} js rot. an exact number: 4.Crystolling. : well defined, ordered , »D 9. Quarta, obiamendl °Fonic. solid Bb bo on Mm pressure: vy P, Ni as Oe ee ee h. Collecting ve ever obo : Pons = Protol- Piso 1b. Donsi = ep- 2a D RT 4. Kinetic Molecular Theory c nai ine KE of pasti sles ° KE= t mv? > mb, VT CRE constont ) "pressure & caused by particles oolli ting with botbiner walls IS. Moaxwedl.-Boltzmonn Diagram ° probability olensity = ete iinet pit. ov te the Nght X be Comino) lots Dicer a. aN 2 Wah T ve ar hangs ;M, moving to the Makt becomna flotten Se moving bit ntaming ve lew M => 1b. Diffuse = peaticles rave from high C bow © ovens. oft > Tees Tw °VM> Tv 7]. Pifuse = &scape 4as hooigh a pore Trto ov lower b plase - fT ott otv uM eI rae intermolecular free Creal gas) 8. Effest BBE a1 on 2 attraction > P = Pyrestreted ° at brah T, IMPs ove negligible iI. Effect ef moleoulor volume Creal gas) oUTD>P> P predicted ° Uoontainer b 2 P > Ppreaicted 2 ot low Pf, space. between pasticles & largo 14 1-Golution ew pha sical combination of any stote of otter in Which © Solute + golvent= G oluctieve > Golution composrtiny. : > dilute k concentroceel. 2. Melarity (M) = Lo ai - tee Mo lolity Cn z aly ope ae = me Moss perverd, = mast seal Iwo Mole fractions % 2 tar el * loo’ . - Pots por million (p pm) = _9_oF solute. ao? mg 4 $0 2. Galubi lity =the mass iH colute tae ei 1999) af ft oclvends te be dobuaded, ° Gotwroted © Unsorturoctesl, bg Supers onroceol =-Gelubrility sad aye gatnb > semporocture, aos St ( exception: MarSdx, Ce2(som, ) = hemporotnte 17, Su Pressure ti.sT A Gubstoinces with simlov Wwhermoleculorr attractions owen. tial - BMDM - oa 5. Beoor-Lambert low: Az Ebe .... Az absorbance. measurement... _€=rwlor absorptivity.” bz. poth lenoyth. ei) Fl B= oomeoretrodim wh latins Te, — 3. | o a con i Wry Unit 4 LI Physical K Chemical change. h Physical, chonoe 2 the Com positiorL of substance does not Chonge ° changes th intermolecular attractions 2. Chemical chonge > a new eubstonce- is formed ary hog )ng , precede ee, ° breaking /-forning chemital, bonol Prmng MBO > ive of reaction |. Sypothesis reaction + At B= & kee 2. Decempositim + A> B+l iin 3. Hyolrocarbon combustion irra, ° bomelete Combustion : Cxty + Oz — Cr+ HO bee ‘ Imeonplete dembustiol : CuHy+ Or > to+ HO 4. Precipitation reaction. 5. lonic- equechio. iam ° Complete Tonic. equation Sad © pet init equation. simoludes only subetanees ince the reaction > Spe voce ion 6. Avidl-base. reaction. = ro nxted- Lowy... > Prensted—Lowny Dorel. : proton Lee = Bronstecl-- - Lowry boge.> proton. Acceptor MID Lorjnyonte. Actel-Frote, Pods — parm ate bose = = 2 aaihatacie substancl, , = T..Dsidadtren- Reoluctin ( Redox ) Reaction tromsfor 21 2” Latinas MP ractonts. ( lee /gain 27.) td - BMDM - BPE eb on Unit 5 Ll 1. Kineties & the shady of the rees of a chemitel reaction. 2. The kinetics of a chemical reaction con be defined a4 the rode of Chonge of reoctont/proolnet concentrorbion per uait of time. pote & (eoction < —E Leesan pt) _ 4. The rote chonge of reactout ono proobuct Loncentroims ore oleternimed by the Staichiometry Sn the bolanced chemicol equation 4. Activation 2neray > poutiles howe 40 collide with a jwinmun cunount of CHeGY usool brenk the bonds. 5. The rode of reaction dlepernds on: » frequency of Collisten 9 enehy of particles 6. Reactant osncertretton £ Tagueous concert rotim, => 41 Collision 2 T reacton mote 2b volume of aos 2 1 collsten 2} reacttm rece 7. Temporodure, : Td postioles moe foster > collide T frequently TT Slerengy the posticles have 2Tmolecules to have AE $.Curfove 100. =] guefrce oven > T frequency of collision 2> | reaction yoke 9. Cookodyst = oolding a Partoly st gives. the coactin an- alternedive (eogier route for it 1) hoppen ( tavelving aw. lower activabm energy ) L2 . |. Rote low: yotes kLAI™1@1* rote: rete of disappearance of reacturts (4/frme? k+ Coke tenstont, tomperotye specific (TT, kt) [A1,T@1: concentrotin af reactant mins.reaction order with the respect t reactont ae - BMDM - BBE a1 on mH 2. concentration chanh.& over ‘time zero orler: pate: kL[AJ° =k. “t [TAJt- TAlo=kt bys firme: > first oroler: rote=k 1A) ; [nEA]4 - lnlAlo= -kt “r Hime © Gecenl order: rates kLAy” aa = ss Tak Tal, 2 kt fine C Linear graph, of + versus time represudts -» aroler Concentrotio chuge over time ) » HadP fete 2 a2 . 0 SP es nd i San a LY Renstion mechanism. 1. Iwternediode. & prodluceal but also fully Congumedl over the, Course. of the reaction. 2.Cotohist Te Consumed, in the early. stop ond reformed laden. 3-A mechanism, % & series af clomentory steps. 4. Using coefficients tom elementary reaction ty write Rate Law : “X42 A+ By Rote law epuotion: Re k Ex] [YT *Ve M pin, 5. Coke g erie of clomentory steps : 2 pnimoleoulos reaction (| molecule ) = R= kIX] © bimaleoulor reaction. C2 molecules) >OR2MXV” @ ReKxILy] 0 +tef-molecutor pooction (> molecules) : 0 Rek Ix]? O RELI LY] OR kIXILYI Lz] Lg Steady - state approximation [. Reversible ronction = formarol R reverse ) ~ BMOM - oa Unit 6 Thermodynamics L] Heat, 3. temperodure entholpy L.? exothermic Csystem -> surroundings) releose emesrtyy - Mn E released. ° bonds broak > E grineol 3. Entholpy ( kT /imol > i Enthalpy of reaction 2H ven 4. Heot transfer ; molecules with higher KE tonsfr E + molecules with lower KE. thermal eguilibriam Lz Heot capacity 2 naloels 1 Heat, capavi-d) (C)= ma in erature Specific. heed capacity : Cp = * “f 2S Molar heat capaccty : Cp 2 sare 2. 92 omeT_= Cp nal 3. Sruple lovlorimeter~ - nectleol thermometey stirror Ld hi of ne change Energy of benols gq cmat 2 nN: my fussiom ny as a - BMDM - Jt) 2. break bono : absorb energy > + form bend = velease energy > - >. aHran 2 3 (RE of bends broken) + 3 (BE of bonds torre ) 24 Entholpy of formation 1. Fer a compound, sHy i the enthalpy change when | mol of a campound. forms from its elements in its stondlowol stoctes. o stonolorel stoctes : > 905: Lotm of pressure ad Liguiol / solid: mast Common, stable form - ok bata °C 2.9 - Dolg)_, Camphite ~ solution : pancentrodin of 1M 2. For a pure element jn its Stomolarcd stole » sh; -0 3. H"rxn 2 SOME cpaclacte = SSH creavtonts2 4. Hess's Law: SUrn2 3oHn 5. lte & D> gom E BORE abe") om 
