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Cells obtain energy primarily A) through gas exchange, gain of O2, and elimination of CO2. B) through aerobic metabolism. C) to increase the energy level of the cells. D) to assist in the movement of blood by decreasing its density by the addition of gases. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ b The last passageway of the conducting portion of the respiratory tract is called the A) terminal bronchiole. B) alveolar duct. C) respiratory bronchiole. D) alveolus. E) air sac. - Answ a The mucous membrane or mucosa of the respiratory system A) consists of respiratory epithelial cells overlying a layer of loose connective tissue, the lamina propria. B) surrounds a thick layer of connective tissue, the submucosa. C) is present as the lining of the alveoli. D) contains an epithelium that differs from that of the larynx. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ a Together, the epithelium and the lamina propria of the respiratory tract constitute (a) A) cutaneous membrane. B) mucous membrane. C) serous membrane. D) synovial membrane. E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ b Which of the following statements is true of the respiratory epithelium? A) assists in the regulation of blood volume B) contributes to the control of blood pressure C) contributes to the control of body fluid pH D) assists in regulation of hormone activation to control the rate of digestion E) protects respiratory surfaces from dehydration - Answ e The ________ is lined by squamous epithelium. A) nasal cavity
B) nasopharynx C) oropharynx D) larynx E) trachea - Answ c The area of the respiratory passageways that begins at the larynx and extends into the alveoli is the A) upper respiratory tract. B) conducting portion. C) lower respiratory tract. D) respiratory portion. E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ c The outer openings of the nasal cavity are called A) the nasal septum. B) external nares. C) the apex of the nose. D) internal nares. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ b Which of the following bones is involved in making up the nasal septum? A) frontal B) maxillary C) temporal D) ethmoid E) sphenoid - Answ d The ________ separates the nasal and oral cavities. A) palate B) internal nare C) alar cartilage D) pharynx E) nasal septum - Answ a The openings of the auditory tubes are located in the A) oropharynx. B) larynx. C) laryngopharynx. D) nasopharynx. E) nasal cavity. - Answ d The chamber posterior to the uvula and base of the tongue is (the) A) nasopharynx. B) oral cavity. C) oropharynx. D) larynx.
Which of the following is a function of the glottis? A) providing an extensive surface area for gas exchange B) protecting from dehydration by filtering water out of the air C) moving air to and from the exchange surfaces D) production of sound E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ d The larynx is composed of ________ cartilages. A) 2 B) 4 C) 6 D) 9 E) 12 - Answ d The area of the respiratory system that includes the larynx and bronchial tree is called the A) cartilagenous portion. B) lower respiratory tract. C) upper respiratory tract. D) respiratory portion. E) bronchi. - Answ b A thick midline ridge in the thyroid cartilage that is sometimes referred to as the Adam's apple is technically named the A) laryngeal prominence. B) epiglottis. C) glottis. D) cricoid extension. E) Adam's apple. - Answ a The large cartilage of the larynx with an expansive posterior surface is (the) A) thyroid cartilage. B) arytenoid cartilage. C) cricoid cartilage. D) corniculate cartilage. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c Which of the following cartilages are attached to the vocal ligaments? A) corniculate B) epiglottis C) arytenoid D) cuneiform E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ c The false vocal cords are also called (the) A) vocal ligament. B) glottis.
C) vestibular folds. D) functional folds. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c If the epiglottis fails to cover the glottis at the appropriate time, which of the following is the most likely consequence? A) Air would not be able to enter. B) The person would be likely to choke. C) The larynx would be unable to move upward or downward during swallowing to ease the passing of a bolus. D) Sound production would be impaired. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ b Changing of the diameter of the trachea is provided by (the) A) C-shaped rings. B) sternocleidomastoid muscles. C) trachealis muscle. D) intrinsic laryngeal muscle. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c What is the significance of the "C-shaped" cartilages that reinforce the tracheal rings? A) These cartilages hold the trachea rigidly open at the same diameter at all times. B) The incomplete portion of the C-shaped cartilages are located at the posterior of the tracheal cartilages, to permit the esophagus to bulge anteriorly into the tracheal lumen in transient fashion to permit a large bolus to pass. C) They form a solid cartilaginous tube. D) The open region permits passage of the nerves that stimulate the muscles of the laryngeal region. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ b The ridge found at the bifurcation of the trachea is called the A) extrapulmonary ridge. B) trachealis. C) carina. D) root of the lung. E) hilum. - Answ c How would tracheal function differ from that of typical humans if the cartilaginous rings were complete rather than C shaped? A) There would be little, if any, functional difference. B) The anterior aspect of the trachea would be unable to distort during passage of a large bolus through the esophagus. C) There would not be a trachealis muscle to contract to constantly adjust the diameter of the tracheal lumen. D) Resistance to airflow could not be changed by using musculature only. E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ c
A) segmental B) lobular C) lobar D) tertiary E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c Compared to the primary bronchi, the secondary and tertiary bronchi have A) more cartilage. B) less cartilage. C) more smooth muscle. D) less smooth muscle. E) both less cartilage and more smooth muscle. - Answ e Each tertiary bronchus leads to one A) septum. B) lobe. C) bronchopulmonary segment. D) lung. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c The middle lobar bronchus is found A) in the right lung only. B) in the left lung only. C) in both lungs. D) only in very large individuals. E) only in males. - Answ a The superior and inferior lobes of the left lung are separated by (the) A) transverse fissure. B) sagittal fissure. C) oblique fissure. D) horizontal fissure. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c What is the function of the converting enzyme secreted by the alveolar capillaries? A) It activates parasympathetic nervous components of the autonomic nervous system to cause alveolar smooth muscles to contract. B) It assists in the hormonal regulation of blood volume and pressure. C) It makes the respiratory membrane more soluble to gases. D) It causes an increase in the secretion of surfactant. E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ b Histologically, the epithelium of the alveoli includes which of the following structures? (1) cornified epithelial cells (2) simple squamous epithelium, type I cells (3) septal, or surfactant, type II cells
(4) bony trabeculae (5) roaming macrophages A) All of the above structures are included. B) None of the above structures are included. C) 1, 4, 5 D) 2, 3, 5 E) 1, 3, 5 - Answ d The structures that form the respiratory membrane include: (1) elastic fibers (2) secondary bronchioles (3) the basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium (4) the pulmonary nerve plexus (5) capillary walls A) All of the answers are correct. B) None of the answers are correct. C) 3, 5 D) 2, 4 E) 2, 4, 5 - Answ c The function of surfactant is to A) phagocytize particulate matter that has eluded the respiratory defenses and reached the alveoli. B) cause capillaries to adhere closely to the alveolar surfaces to promote gas exchange. C) reduce the surface tension in the fluid coating alveolar surfaces to prevent alveolar collapse. D) cause diffusion. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c Physical factors that facilitate gas exchange in the lungs include which of the following? A) There are areas where the basement membrane of the alveolar epithelium and adjacent capillaries have fused. B) There is a distance separating the respiratory and circulatory systems of as little as 0.1μm. C) Gases are lipid soluble. D) diffusion E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ e The cell types of the alveoli include which of the following? A) macrophages B) goblet cells C) pseudostratified, ciliated, and columnar epithelia D) mucus glands E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ a Which of the following covers the external surfaces of the lungs? A) visceral pleura B) parietal pleura
E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c During exhalation of the first breath, the lungs do not collapse completely again in a newborn infant because A) surfactant covering the alveolar surfaces prevents their collapse. B) exhalation is never as forceful as is inhalation. C) cartilages and connective tissues keep the conducting passageways closed. D) the incoming air is warmed by the upper portion of the respiratory tract, and this causes the lung tissues to expand and remain larger in size than previously, even when emptied of air. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ a Important differences between the respiratory system of a newborn infant and a fetus that relates to the cardiovascular system includes which of the following? A) high pulmonary arterial resistance B) collapsed pulmonary vessels C) compressed ribs D) lung conducting passageways containing only a small amount of fluid and no air E) All of the answers are correct. - Answ e Sympathetic stimulation of the terminal bronchioles causes A) bronchodilation. B) no changes; there is no parasympathetic innervation of these structures. C) bronchoconstriction. D) an increase in blood supply to these areas. E) secretion of less surfactant. - Answ a The respiratory centers regulate the activities of the respiratory muscles by A) responding to conscious control during periods of physiological stress only. B) adjusting the frequency and depth of pulmonary ventilation. C) acting directly to change heart rate and cardiac output. D) stimulating the nuclei of the parasympathetic nervous system. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ b Reflexes involved in the regulation of respiration include: (1) mechanoreceptor reflexes (2) temperature reception and response reflexes (3) chemoreceptor reflexes (4) cerebrospinal fluid circulation pressure adjustment reflexes (5) protective reflexes A) All of the answers are correct. B) None of the answers are correct. C) 2, 4 D) 1, 3, 5 E) 2, 4, 5 - Answ d Chemoreceptor reflexes regulate the response to
A) changes in the volume of the blood in the arteries. B) physical injury or irritation of the respiratory tract. C) changes in the pH of the blood. D) changes in the tension of the respiratory muscles. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ c The area of the brain stem involved in controlling forced expirations is called (the) A) ventral respiratory group. B) dorsal respiratory group. C) pneumotaxic center. D) apneustic center. E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ a Which of the following is found in the medulla? A) apneustic center B) respiratory rhythmicity center C) pneumotaxic center D) depth control center E) None of the answers are correct. - Answ b As individuals age, the efficiency of the respiratory system typically A) does not change as much as does that of most other systems. B) changes in proportion to the rate of change of body weight, as occurs in young individuals also. C) increases somewhat. D) decreases. E) responds more rapidly to immediate changes but cannot maintain the response over as long a duration. - Answ d The process that allows cells to obtain energy, which requires the oxygen delivered by and the carbon dioxide removed by the respiratory system, is ________. - Answ aerobic metabolism The airways that carry air to and from the exchange surfaces of the lungs are collectively called the ________. - Answ respiratory tract Contamination of the inspired air can damage the delicate surfaces of the respiratory system. The respiratory mechanisms that are responsible for the filtration that prevents this occurrence are called the ________. - Answ respiratory defense system The respiratory epithelium consists of a ________ epithelium with numerous goblet cells. - Answ pseudostratified ciliated columnar The ________ consists of the nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, and pharynx. - Answ upper respiratory system The nasal cavity is divided into left and right portions by the ________. - Answ nasal septum
Another name for quiet breathing is ________. - Answ eupnea During the first breath, a newborn infant fills all of the structures of the lungs except some of the ________. - Answ alveoli The respiratory centers include three pairs of loosely organized nuclei in the ________ of the pons and the medulla. - Answ reticular formation The ________ is sometimes called the expiratory center. - Answ ventral respiratory group In addition to a need to acquire oxygen and to eliminate carbon dioxide, other responses such as emotional and ________ often affect the pace and depth of respiration. - Answ autonomic One factor responsible for the decreased ability of ribs to expand in older individuals is the ________ flexibility of the costal cartilages. - Answ decreased A lethal inherited disease in which mucus secretions become too sticky to be transported easily is emphysema. - Answ false Method of applying abdominal pressure to dislodge objects from the respiratory passageways is called the Valsalva maneuver. - Answ false A tracheostomy is an incision in the anterior trachea. - Answ true Malignant division of cells in the bronchial tree or alveoli is lung cancer. - Answ true A pulmonary embolism is a blood clot in the pulmonary blood vessels that traveled there from another origin. - Answ true Collapse of the lungs due to insufficient surfactant is called respiratory distress syndrome. - Answ true A chronic and progressive condition characterized by shortness of breath, resulting from the destruction of respiratory exchange surfaces is called cystic fibrosis. - Answ false The apneustic center adjusts the pace of respiration. - Answ true Part of the ventral respiratory group makes up the inspiratory center. - Answ false The dorsal respiratory group functions in every respiratory cycle. - Answ true Respiratory centers are located throughout the brainstem. - Answ true
