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Periods: 1; an optional second, if you want to separate the writing and performance of the ballads
into two days
NCTE standards: 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 12
IntroductIon
To many students, the word “ballad” will call to mind a slow, probably sentimental song: anything from the Plain White T’s “Hey There Delilah,” to Alicia Keys’ “Like I’ll Never See You Again,” or Taylor Swift’s “Love Story.” In the world of poetry, however, a ballad is a lively storytelling poem written in what is called the ballad stanza.
The ballad stanza is simple to illustrate and recognize, and not very hard to describe. In its most familiar version, the ballad stanza is four lines of alternating four-beat (tetrameter) and three-beat (trimeter) verse, with the second line rhyming with the fourth. Students may recognize this form from the theme song to “Gilligan’s Island,” written out here with the accented syllables (the “beats”) in capital letters:
Just SIT right BACK and you’ll HEAR a TALE, A TALE of a FATEful TRIP That STARted FROM this TROpic PORT A-BOARD this TIny SHIP. Or they may remember it from “The Owl and the Pussy-Cat,” by Edward Lear:
They dined on mince, and slices of quince, Which they ate with a runcible spoon; And hand in hand, on the edge of the sand, They danced by the light of the moon…
And although the four-beat and three-beat lines have been combined into one long 7-beat line—a change in the layout, but not in the sound—they will hear it in Robert W. Service’s “The Shooting of Dan McGrew”:
A bunch of the boys were whooping it up in the Malamute saloon; The kid that handles the music-box was hitting a jag-time tune; Back of the bar, in a solo game, sat Dangerous Dan McGrew, And watching his luck was his light-o’-love, the lady that’s known as Lou.
Lesson Plan: the tabloid ballad
This might just as well be written out as:
A bunch of the boys were whooping it up In the Malamute saloon; The kid that handles the music-box was hitting a jag-time tune; Back of the bar, in a solo game, sat Dangerous Dan McGrew, And watching his luck was his light-o’-love, the lady that’s known as Lou.
Now it looks like the ballad it is.
This lesson will teach your students about the typical metrical forms of the ballad (how they sound), and the typical narrative moves of the ballad (how they tell their stories), by having them write ballads based on comic, even outrageous source material. In doing this, they will join a long tradition of sensationalist journalism written in ballad form: the tradition of “ broadside ballads ,” like the one that Shakespeare mocks in The Winter’s Tale—
Here’s another ballad of a fish that appeared upon the coast on Wednesday the fourscore of April, forty thousand fathom above water, and sung this ballad against the hard hearts of maids. It was thought she was a woman and was turned into a cold fish for she would not exchange flesh with the one that loved her. This ballad is very pitiful and true.
—or like this one, whose description appears in Robert Graves’ English and Scottish Ballads:
A most miraculous strange and trewe ballad of a maid now dwelling at the town of Meurs in Dutchland, that hath not taken any food this 16 years and is not yet neither hungry nor thirsty: the which maid hath lately been presented to the Lady Elizabeth the King’s daughter of England. This song was made by the maid herself and now translated into English.
Stories like this now find themselves told in The Weekly World News and other outrageous supermarket tabloids. Your students will turn the clock back, and rewrite them as ballads.
LearnIng objectIves
In this lesson, students will have opportunities to:
- Listen to the sounds of several ballads being spoken
- Listen to how ballads tell stories
- Learn to hear, and to write, the typical rhythms of the four-line ballad stanza, with optional variations
- Write a comic ballad themselves, using those rhythms and narrative structures
You may want to show them a few common variations on the basic ballad stanza.
- In “Jabberwocky,” Lewis Carroll writes stanzas of 4-beat lines with alternating rhymes, so that line 1 rhymes with line 3, and line 2 with line 4, like this: ’Twas brillig, and the slithy toves Did gyre and gimble in the wabe: All mimsy were the borogoves, And the mome raths outgrabe.
“Beware the Jabberwock, my son! The jaws that bite, the claws that catch! Beware the Jubjub bird, and shun The frumious Bandersnatch!”
- In “La Belle Dame Sans Merci,” John Keats writes ballad stanzas made of three 4-beat lines, and then a 2-beat closing line, like this: I met a lady in the meads Full beautiful, a fairy’s child; Her hair was long, her foot was light, And her EYES were WILD.
I made a garland for her head, And bracelets too, and fragrant zone; She looked at me as she did love, And MADE sweet MOAN.
- Edwin Arlington Robinson uses the same ballad stanza as Keats in “Miniver Cheevy”:
Miniver loved the days of old When swords were bright and steeds were prancing; The vision of a warrior bold Would SET him DANcing.
Miniver sighed for what was not, And dreamed, and rested from his labors; He dreamed of Thebes and Camelot, And PRIam’s NEIGHbors.
- Edgar Allan Poe adds an extra pair of lines to the ballad stanzas of “Annabel Lee,” mostly continuing the rhythmic alternation of 4- and 3-beat lines: It was many and many a year ago, In a kingdom by the sea, That a maiden there lived whom you may know By the name of Annabel Lee; And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than to love and be loved by me.
What’s most important is for students to get the sound of the ballad in their ears, and to learn that ballads tell stories in a particularly lively, scene-by-scene style.
2. To help students hear the sound of the ballad, play “Jabberwocky” (track 8 on the CD), and the selections from “Annabel Lee” (track 30). To help students hear the sound of the ballad when they read it from a page, you may wish to have them look at some ballads on the Poetry Out Loud website as well. The following poems are in ballad stanzas, with some variation:
- “Miniver Cheevy,” by Edwin Arlington Robinson
- “Annabel Lee,” by Edgar Allan Poe
- “A Red, Red Rose,” by Robert Burns
- “It Couldn’t Be Done,” by Edgar Albert Guest
- “La Belle Dame Sans Merci,” by John Keats
- “Sir Gawaine and the Green Knight,” by A. Yvor Winters
- “The Birth of John Henry,” by Melvin B. Tolson
- “The Listeners,” by Walter de la Mare 3. Set out the supermarket tabloids or tabloid articles that you have gathered, and let students cut out or photocopy the articles they wish to write about. If several students wish to write about the same article, let them. It will be fun for them to compare their ballads when they are through. Now have the students write a ballad about the event or the person in the tabloid article, using either the standard ballad stanza (alternating 4-beat and 3-beat lines, rhyming ABCB) or some variation. If they choose a variation, they should stick with the same pattern throughout the ballad. Be sure to tell the students that the poem can and probably should be funny, and give them a minimum length—probably four or five stanzas—for the ballad. Make sure they know the ways a ballad usually tells its story, and encourage them to use these techniques as often as they can.
Lesson Plan: the tabloid ballad continued
