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Lecture 10
10.1 The Writing Process
Writing is the ultimate outcome or goal of a language. It has three different stages divided chronologically, i.e., Pre-Writing, Writing and Post-Writing. One stage leads to the next one, so writing process also called as a cycle through which we produce writing again and again. The three stages are: ● Pre-writing (Planning) ● Writing (Drafting) ● Post-writing (Finishing)
10.2 Pre-writing
Pre-writing is the first stage of writing process. As its name suggests, the prefix “ pre” means ‘ before ’, which is something you do before you write a paragraph or an essay or other writing work. In pre- writing, your aim should be to discover and explore ideas about your chosen subject. This requires you to brain-storm a little and jot down different ideas. The Pre-Writing stage is also called invention stage, because it gives you the ground on which you can come up with the final product. Writing, in this stage, should be done by looking at the purpose and nature of the audience; this will help to simply pick up the right kind of structure and organization in mind regarding the type and mode of writing. As a guide, you may use the following: o I am curious about… o I am confused about… o Recently, I have been thinking a lot about… After planning your writ out, the next step is to narrow down the topic. A topic, within itself, may generate sub-topics from it and good writers, during their brain-storming session, are able to overcome the temptation to write out whatever it is they think of first.
For example, the broad subject would be Pakistan Studies and an interest from this would be The Partition Movement , War of independence or Partition of Bengal. These may be further narrowed down to a particular scope. As another example, if you’re asked to write on Education , you may narrow the topic down to your Experience with Hybrid Learning. After this first step, you then use different techniques to generate ideas. Some of the techniques are the following:
- Listing
- Rapid sketches
- Conversation
- Doodling or sketching
- Circle technique
- Clustering
- Freewriting
- Note keeping
- Brain storming
- Mind mapping
- Journalistic questions
10.2.1 Listing
The use of free mental associations is primarily called listing. In this technique, one generates a list of ideas which might eventually lead to another list. After the list has been exhausted, you will need to review your list for best ideas. This brainstorming technique does not require much organization; simply list one idea after the other.
10.2.2 Rapid Sketches
By rapid sketches , we mean a rough design without much detail. In rapid sketches, a writer is supposed to write down all the points as quickly as they come to his or her mind. Later, items on this list can be grouped, categorized, or deleted as your topic becomes narrower. This technique, too, narrows down your topic.
10.2.6 Clustering:
The general idea behind clustering is the use of several ideas of the same kind, growing or held together. This get a sense of how the essay could eventually be organized. Like doodling, this technique is also more apt for visual learners. This technique allows the writer to generate different ideas which may be logically related.
10.2.7 Questioning
Asking questions can be an important early step in the writing process. In a sense, we could even say that an essay answers questions about its subject, so a good early step can be to ask questions about the subject of the essay. Use the reporter's questions: Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How. Pak-china relationship CPEC ( given by media) OBOR(one belt one road)
10.2.8 Free Writing
For these techniques, the basic premise is that to write down everything that comes to mind without censoring yourself or worrying about grammar. Give yourself a set amount of time to write, and don't let yourself stop writing for the entire time, even if you get off track. Then, read back through your notes, find the best ideas, and repeat the process until you have enough ideas for an essay.
10.2.9 Heuristic Methods
Heuristic method is a problem-solving approach and its basically implied as practically sufficient to achieve goals. The first and most common heuristic method is the simple brain-storming which has already been covered. There are others, as well, to bring out different ideas. No technique can be considered absolute because what works for one individual may not work for another. The following are different heuristic methods:
10.2.9.4 Dramatism
The technique of dramatism draws its name courtesy of five element, which may be found in any drama. These are Act, Agent, Agency, Scene and Purpose.
10.9.2.5 Note Keeping
The practice of keeping notes and jotting ideas down in a notebook is a good way to jot down different views, whenever they come to mind. This include daily diary writing by using such a collection of notes with short phrases. This interesting technique rids author of judgement, assessment and grammatical mistake because it’s a private piece of work.
10.9.2.6 Mind Mapping
Mind Mapping is the technique which is used to create an image of the ideas which come in mind in a non-linear train of thought by using imagery. First think, then develop a map to navigate different ideas and then draw the map in front of you for help. We can use this technique to organize ideas and link them together in the shape of image or phrases.
10.9.2.7 Journalistic Questions
The journalistic questions are also known as WH questions. Consider a host on a TV channel. What sort of questions does this journalist ask? These are usually the WH questions: what, where, who, when, why and how. Asking these questions in conjunction with different ideas may help refine them.
