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Theories Cheat Sheet
Major Theories - Used in Social Work Practice - Systems Theory Psychodynamic Social Learning Conflict Developmental Theories -
- Theories of moral reasoning
- Theories of cognition
- Transpersonal theories of human development (Transpersonal - means beyond or through the persona or mask. Going beyond identity rooted in the individual body or ego to include spiritual experience or higher levels of consciousness.)
- Stage theories Theories of Moral Reasoning - (Kohlberg, Gilligan) moral development proceeds from stages of egocentrism through abstract principles of justice and caring Theories of Cognition - (Piaget)
- Assume conscious thinking is the basis for almost all behavior and emotions
- Thoughts produce emotions Stage theories - Erikson
Primary Perspectives - Strengths Feminist Eco-Systems Current Social Work Practice Models - Problem Solving Task-Centered Solution - Focused Narrative Cognitive-Behavioral Crisis Theory - A general statement about the real world whose essential truth can be supported by evidence obtained through the scientific method. - Must explain in a provable way why something happens. Ex: Learning theory explains behavior on the basis of what organisms have learned from the environment. Model - Is a blueprint for action. It describes what happens in practice in a general way. Ex: The behavioral model (based on learning theory) gives specific guidelines for how to effect change. If a parent complains that his child is having difficulty staying in his own bed at night and the parent has been allowing the child to sleep in his/her bed( thereby reinforcing the child's difficulty) the practitioner would help the parent to extinguish the behavior by removing the reinforcement. Perspective - A way of perceiving the world flows from a value position. Note: The perspective will influence choice of theory and model. Note: Payne ( 1997) argues that social work theory succeeds best when it contains all three elements of perspective, theory and model. Systems Theory -
Conflict Theory - This theory draws attention to conflict, dominance, and oppression in social life. Groups and individuals try to advance their own interests over the interests of others. Power is unequally divided, and some social groups dominate others. Social order is based on the manipulation and control of nondominant groups by dominant groups. Lack of open conflict is a sign of exploitation. Social change is driven by conflict, with periods of change interrupting long periods of stability. Primary Perspectives - Strengths Feminist Eco-systems Strengths Perspective - Stems from the work of Saleeby (1996)
- focuses on understanding clients or families on the basis of their strengths and resources. This is a humanistic approach which states they have a capacity to grow and change.
- The social worker assumes that the client has multiple strengths. The social worker tries to assess the strengths of the client and emphasizes these strengths in the helping relationship. feminist perspective -
- theoretical perspective that focuses on gender as the most important source of conflict and inequality in social life
- This perspective takes into account the role of gender and the historical lack of power experienced by women in our society.
- _______ social workers emphasize the collaborative relationship between the social worker and the client and place an emphasis on equality and empowerment of women in our society.
Current Social Work Practice Models - problem solving task centered solution focused narrative cognitive behavioral crisis Problem Solving Model - focuses on understanding the problem, brainstorming possible solutions, having the client pick a solution, having the client try out a solution and then evaluating how the solution worked. Task Centered Model - This model focuses on breaking down the problem into small tasks that the client can accomplish. The social worker may use rehearsal, deadlines, and contracts, in order to help the client feel successful and motivated towards solving the problem. Solution - Focused - This model starts with the solution and then helps the client establish the steps that will lead to the solution. This model is the one that uses the miracle question to help clients envision the future that they want to obtain. Narrative - This model uses letters and other methods to help the client re-author their lives. Developmental Theories - focus on how behavior changes and stays the same across the life cycle. Stage theories are usually characterized by the following: - Human development occurs in clearly defined stages
preoperational stage concrete operational stage formal operational stage sensorimotor stage - Birth to 18-24 months old Motor activity without use of symbols. All things learned are based on experiences, or trial and error. Goal: Object permanence preoperational stage - in Piaget's theory, the stage (from about 2 to 6 or 7 years of age) during which a child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental operations of concrete logic. goal: symbolic thought concrete operational stage - in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (from about 6 or 7 to 11 years of age) during which children gain the mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events Goal: Operational thought formal operational stage - in Piaget's theory, the stage of cognitive development (normally beginning about age 12- adolescence to adulthoos) during which people begin to think logically about abstract concepts Goal: Abstract concepts Stages of Psychosocial Development (Erikson) -
Trust vs. Mistrust: Infancy 0- 2 Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt: EC 2- 4 Initiative vs. Guilt: Play age 4-6 years Industry vs. Inferiority: School age 6-12 years, Identity vs. Role Confusion: adolescence 12 - 22 years, Intimacy vs. Isolation: Young Adulthood 22-34 years, Generativity vs. Stagnation: Adulthood 34-60 years, Integrity vs. Despair: Mature age 60+ years
