Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Heat Capacity, Lecture notes of Thermodynamics

Download Thermodynamics: Enthalpy, Internal Energy, and Heat Capacity and more Lecture notes Thermodynamics in PDF only on Docsity!

C5l-~Q,)

t~O-S)QIO"'J -ON·b..'d

,nNV) Y.LdOO HSMtN'='

.~

s :n:WVNAa OW"d3!!L

J,.;- tl = .1 V

{- J/\ ~ A.\

*('E"H* s -to Q lu ~·n,-X~ ') C p-nr}J- -J.;' I/Vd.J

[t} (IIQ V ..f~l>¥f, ~ J ~dO ::::. IA) J

t(,.@,' <.Mf 1") 4 <lG:j3 f::. )t. d' J 7 (A ,I J

"'\4(Il1~4CMQ';) I (11 U.IJ -<. ~ cid

r'""" ....... -^ -

<l1)-en rno^ cl.ta narnl'c.a: @ u,. ..

3d:; LIb b-'1an~ru.d {)j- Scieht€ Lt9ttiCh ~~ +tu

qll.OU1+}"teU:ive. ~'hip bl w iu:ot:t crnd anottu.H -fo"rm f9.J ~tun~:N' jo91 e\t;). ~UJe~~ -\M ~~ Mrl1 ..U:ke "'" Ct1"bbl..!. f~ ~9~ .:'Jl -toU.HQ,L+z. f';Ko..e ~' D) U

:f) oS

-:I) H

ttwu. cu-u- d:h!L d:.UJo brule. Contep+ t'n +h.Q. +tunYflooLyn~ ml'M

<9M ~ S~+ern otncl ano+tw1 ~ "~un9 ins·

8~s+e.m:·t Td:..J.il CL ~ OJ- Unlve11.&e WhiCh un den ,rW ehH ecU::.lon e~e>ti~ oy 1"d:Ffcia-!fi€rfii.' ftuo));t{co..u~

e,g. 11 we dotRe. a QJ.wv) OJ- wlU±e.n ovnd It LL

8+uolJ.& ttuL ~o P€>-<..tie! I: r) v ) ~ T] OJ- 1Ncrl:.eJ +-tu.-h w~ eu. U)~\dV1e.d eu elL S'cr&+em.

G~ Bovnd~ 4:----f~'~.~ ~~ .,..-:~ re. (^) S~s+etn. C-.vcl:l-e.n)

CfCU-tl 01- SlOOlOOf)i(~ I ':- :r ''';:- ~ ~ '; '~.

T, TOLbJ.Q. r &tnn.ound...'ng]

&..x.trlJtJndi~ : q J;... J'l Q pcoU:, Utl- vn·lUeJ·(,~e othU1 #u..h S:j8fe-m ~ CQllU.d ~u 0 d II na. fu P..91.D-CJ;itOO). I'w-t..po:1 e. )

~oundl'n9 In +ru. ~ iot") u9t.Cch J;, COt{)lJnd

-l-h" ~ .. ..,..l-OM t~ II~-V\ft'rh I~ !trinh-II tH.. -w..u 1)uo4pm.

® tho. S~+em Whic.h t--ttfht.91 E')eCj) CJ n..s e., ~ ~ n.o,)J mow> D..II'tn ;..ru ~o ut')cHn9 ...f-hct:l JA t&lli.d ~oJ.octt.d S~+em. N.ntt~ (^) p.:J1 Clt:U~ en t"np..l.t..l::e.t'a- ~o....l.Dt:t:ul 8~ +ern J1 no; p~.g ;b!t

!OJMCV EtuYq'j

Sto±e OJ- +hi. %s+em; -+ '~ at ill ttu.. toncli:H'Oh. 04- @u!t<\efnce. O"J.. Qo P-eJ.ttie.ulw-t ~;e.nv l.UtULn d:t rn eu: 'fO SCoJ:> I'c '>-'to Pe.>i-Ha ~ct V e q ciL';H'o ,'+e v cU..u.e l-e. 6u.ppose. Q Gow..ow. ~+em ~Cb h~v,'n9 Q pr'gwn}

. .. .. MxtdP1il~erU::1'U -'t-hJ>-Ul p~ W1..D? valu-rYu.. I jLrn ~, €±e.. ~ ~'xJ.d 8 how!'

thClt S ~tem hOll> a. p~~ Sted:t OJ.

e,gl

I

\ (^ ' '.^ -'~^ a • •'-, ,,( -,~^ PV^ --------.....:;>~ (.", J

Sto.:h -&.l- s ~ s. ....e m

C :r-tl1-HQlt.·S +etb.. J

MCltyO SU)~IC p-'1op~e.&:.~

• +hJJ)

e. 'Xi.A tel nte·

"or "' ',.. ,,"\ . , " fl

,-. \ \ V,

:~ ' c \ 'Ti

r 11- rnJJLt S +ct::t:tJ

ThtL P.:no~ OJ- Q Stpttem tDtu.'ct) CnntaQru

(cct:O ro~ ~ 11~ 0 ~J ) +tu.H.lL p..xn Pex:U.eA J.D o.9-dse. cluL.:tn [Pc "J ct> T J '--W.. t.OU-ee:.tLve behOl\fIOUJ1 va- a.t.t ~ m..o!a~ , .u,n.& > a..±om-, trom tOhlch ;..ru.. ~+em J.D rnot.olo-.

et.9' ~ \loJ.tun.t. ~ Q O)C\C'-'lfO stopk t>~\J~ ~C.h ot9-Use

""-:, ~ (^) @

J^ ~£> .c."

\J = VA+}B+"VC +-\lJ)rtVE.

e·9. ~ P, V'Ti E, q I S

• E~TEl'iSJ:VE. AN'D :r:NSTENS'IVE pRG PER.TY..t\

E:.~1'E.'WSIVE PROt>fi ~T¥" [Depen~'upon A-moun+ J "7 The P.)10 p.en+~ OJ- a 8~+ern ~Ch oUpend tLpon +tu C(,ltCth.J4\J-ia

OJ- rrtc.ULel1 ton+e.Liru.cl. o~ u9h.£Ch aU-Pen~ upo n hmoun-'

e-g.~. Enot8:1{ HJ O-t," A, e.., SJ.

• No. 01 tno...teA
• Vo...l..LLme (# HeQ.t. ~ i~ Ct'O~. J.lut.t w.pcu>i ~ J"-f'?' :r:vv. ClIJ.ttNIl~ ~.J __ Mt>lolxi+<ct- CtriGi DOU;a c:t~ ti~1 e.l J Icc ~ y)) ,b-t. !I

S "'TENS rVE PROPE.R.TY ~ ....

~ Th..o... :>.J10Pe.H4t Qf Q S~+em t..erhich J., <al1~ u.pon +ttt- <}WLth+tHJ. OJ- mCUim, cWh'.± cltpend t..t.pbt;) +tV!.. Qmoun4-. ~'9' ,,) (^) ""! O'~; i-'j.

~ Temp. .. ~-ttJ.

~ M~ Vt2lJ..Uru -t 0 i e.iQ.~.wI·e toM"

., f~~ P~Wt..<!. .... MQ.U.... -N-(Ut.:b.'on 'F.1) p e¥\Jli ~ ~ Co 0 he· r V1iil Det.::hl ~ G!:?J t]

'") p'l-l Co n i fo H'Y1 ~1J..lJiD nJ

"'J ~ISto CJ'tM '" .f.9W. ~ Y P QJ1 ,.", aLe ~ n_S!, __ A"l .. ,.- n 'r'II."

CD

) ISefhofma.O. f~ocea8 =i1'

When 0.. 8~fem ChClI1.~e from oru.. .£+et;tL .f-o cnioth~

'S +etl:L , ~ ~ +Lu.. ...tLmp. .9-U!..m CLin 4tf.YO e #wi i-u..c. P.!1iOCeJ\I) J;,. Co.' , t.Q cl +-tu..tdi1 ,J), j:w D .::bi ~ e oa- ~\ b iJi +"<f. III(J

o ru. J" I' So 0 +h..U1rY1 a..o. €:x.pe. Y\N') \ b n on,^ d

3S0Hu)1mcd c..omp~toE·

~ -r g () .... .,...1.'-'( motJ. e:?e-{> e.1'.. ;~ I 'ot}

Pe1o'

1';..,. 't:'~^ P,':::.·^ Pc:.)(

"

.;> .... SUWlti 'd i tJe. 'H...tJ:t.e i I') 9Si)+tw1mctJ. €:x.p<.m· wu~" I~ c.Loru.. b'c;f +h4. -S~atem clu>tina e~lWioY) +-lU- S'fI. .. em qbSo-'1b fu.od from ttu. ~uncJ..J.ntJ·

• In caso ttunma.A.. eL· temp. orUtl .)-U..mCU:n ACnl".e u)tu.n

Q. S~tem C(. bl!..l.?-'1b -h.t.cU. rrom 0 u.±. s icl e bu.tl~'-4..u

S!j .stem E~e.AAd cct'Ylon!y ,'t-set..f +ntJi tem;. clJ.1-"t'\i+e.t.~ ..Lo~ cd :1-I'notl S;ed:...L· .. LlJ e lJ,I.t. ku- SOW1 {e fd"t H ec.u:: a...b!.o~ b CI n ce.

.c

".:~.I'("^ ~'t:.:^ ... ,~~J" • '.t

."~\ .5c).!..t)'\c.e ''I: ~

Jr.,o Hun m o.a. P-'1oce.\t.

et hO +I1..u1 J;,.

"ISo +tuntncU. c.cmpS(J.N>iof):"

CD

(^ ~\~1t>" ,,. '(' .. \ ','I ,^ , ~^ , (^) .. ~^ ..(. ,,..... .'" ,,<" ~.. ~fn1<;.

f-e'l:). Pi (^) ~ ';" -q., T .. (^) «r^ -^ ,.",-(""- ~"',.~^ 1r~", :-.-("/ .,.. c- ~ .f ~ink

P, .. Itt, H..uu QbU~b

en 9scth.mrnolll C%>m~,·on Ulo~K ~ clone Dn the

8~stem b~ ~ ~uncOin~. in .'l-hM CWu.. I-tJ,.oU:. ~

~eeled \to +no- ~ul')c.U.h9·

• 90 :rSo+h..o1roaJ.. c.om}:>~I·l')n LUOTk J.o ctoru. On -uu. SlJMe.m

In toO\le)1 +e d ~ tho. J-Uol± omd ~ t.iI> o-rclen +

rocunitlln +tu. teYrlp. <:..DJ1.\t· .. I-tt.ot:t ~ ~e.C:fecl +0. .j...t.o.. ~l.OO\o)rd"n3· i

• an^ +h.io".^ CJ:V)e^ W&t^ k^ ~^ cLohA.^ b^ ~^ +ru..^ SWt.'11^0 UD^ clJin^9 0 n

i-tu.. %stem •

Adia bQ.ti.c f~OCeM.:+

(Nu CurY)r..tt.i.e AoI...t'c.:U6c.t.1:t'c f'~(etv> pt:1lV>h:,.J.,t 1

(t-h.vtJ. In n()E~(lhlllnge 01- )-(..uU: "'W S~+e-l'n .. Sl.O"U'1ounoUrwJ , P [9.-=.0) e),<

. ·..f;t:. ."::. T! p~>^ fe.)C" ',' "I"',,-~ (^) 6:q.a t'$io I'.~ ..^ ,,- ,. , .,"""'"^ .^ ... f;~nf~ c;;J «fiT E. (^) ~.~J +(:!m}-.1' E l l'

(~ <-,

<, -" ~ ..' " '. (^) < " <"

r ~.

T'l.,

+em J, of' ...'3.. E'2..

cp,'::: fex)

[~f=h~rEz- e, ::: -iYe.l T, '> 1;.

01/l.t. p':r e ...:tl·P'·'.t. }~ o}.iH'(i. U^^ (":'::'

CI?J 11' (~·'Hf,)' m V'l"'~,IJ.!li r'~'OY1 ('~'{TIn7{) ~ Reven&I' bJR.. P..'Hoc.ea.s:..^ (Tclt.C.t,O^ I^ ;')"\cd;i'O~^ Wc1iz)

"E(( ( - ;k, re~

,.- .1 "" .-.., (^) ..• ,',' (^) ~ _).)" If ~ (^) ~ .:'.">~\,( ~Th ... ,~. '^ .'^1 ~^ ^ J, " , ~b.^ ^ ~ '^ \ I!,^ E~"en).^ ..~-,..^ iot'.^^ , '. PI"^^ , "2-^1 ·

" ."^ ,

,. " I

fe,^ ~, ~ f!!f~e1'(tdr f'e ')(".!= 17th'

9 J:L J..o h1j po +~ cvnd l'mCU1lln~ P.51 oc.e"SA, I'-"Ultc...b.'~

J::J. 0:, not POSSI bJ,Q. :9 opp05\n£l -fu!':TtCe omd d...xl vI'n,9 .-fo'll'ce a.9-(Jl. CDmpOCi"1Q..b..t.o; So UJO ~ K cLo rtJl-. J.,o mOl): i m U Jl).

'" t.8.. \b."ke.. J.n1-,'n,'-I-e ..:tt' rYl..9- ~ CDrnp..l.lLLe ~ (n ;;f..t'ndAe S-te.p

+0 c..o m'pl!l+e ,

:R Lit^ td1<.e^ P...\Q(^ e.^ ~^ J...n^ ::ft'ni^ te^ s...t.ow.llJ.^ ...in^ ~h..

0. me nn e.>1 -f-..,u. ,g ~s tem .:rt.U')') etln... OJ:: ~u.iJ..tbYl'u m oct:.

r::Clc.h; ~ SV~ ~tep. ,p +tw-u.. J., q ....lot oa Step o-:J (JJ O'i k dD~ -.l:D..k't. PJ.Dt ce ~ 'dOLL c.o rob i ned cU.O. i-lu.. step +-ru..n w-e.. ~ ex +0 +eel WO..51.~ oI...frnD..

:;It T-f c.k ~\l~e. Cl.t each ~ EV ~ &±n..p

&

l' ~ Qo.^ ~

Vo..t.lt.me 4 A~ .)j. ABeD :: -rote&- LOO.')1k olQn..e in e~e.N>Jbn

-ITom ", .J-t) V

[C43fct.pt,iQy UJo~~ d..Q.tu. J.b Revez.. P..'llfoc.c:h.]

.. I~e.\JV1SlbJ.O.. p~oc.eJ5.& :-+

(ft::r~n)H cl7\1 ,.J~'" ~ ...n) - e.lw '~{,) L~t( fi.":I:P~!)"'7\1'\ ,'oVv , r "l.. vd ~l\ )!~lr~r·~NA. ~J't.f. t.. !~f',." t "·k,tt h 1

~ a~· p->1ote~ o.x..e v~ ~"c ll>1oc.e-s.& J.n ve>1{1 ~ld.

~ ttw-u. ~ v~ ~e' d.d.f-r· b/lU Op):>OAt. --t &riving fooce

-:;) 5~. p~o t eM QJ-U- ctln.o ~ Net.tuTC'JJ.. ~teJ\h om cl spo ot el".eUJ,) P,:)WteM ( /"p,', ,)"",,~~':I j!'} ,

'i' Vi^ VI ...... (^1) "'"<II c!5^ " v. , "o..1t.Jme (\J) 4 ":::') -n,^ .t-eL!L^ Ul^ ()^91 l<^ e.l.t:l^ f\L^ (^ UJ^ ,^ =:^ ~^17 e^ x^ (^ /l,.^ -"V,') 9.i. t.L? no i ~ ~i b,J...o,.. -' J+ 0 ~ ..91J> e. w-n.n..n

Do. roo IS] .10) ® J:sobQ)1ic P.)loce.s.&:

tit^ u^ When +h;.>-t...t ....V.)"^ no Change U!n•^ r..>te~~UJ-c.Q. ~ ~.,

V~c.eN.) u:o e.o.J.Ltd ISo brou'c p.x..ot~-S·>

Cp. V,1I )? ( P, \I)..-r;.) 'Af: 0 J

w t'Ul-h a... S'j S l' e)')') Ch~ ng e fi 0 mono. s io..::tJ.. ..t:o Q no +ru.n Stet:t:L

~ -HAM r.>tO CeM ('!rt eN> u>ul. ....in not Cha ng e t-fA.o..n ~ l'>t..cCeAb ...fD ~ S.sobcA)ffc p.)1oc.eu •

.,. "ISo eho.91..t.C t-'1 aeeM! - When +tA.t. S'd s^ -tel11 ChCH1.qe 4i"om oru.. S+c.t:b.. +0 ano+hu-r

Sto..:b. ~ #1M p~ LfJV) v~ J..n no+ C-hClns·e +hm

+h .1) P.)-fote4'& J.n c:.oJ.1-tcl 'rse:chtJ3tl'c. P~OC6~"

l P,VI Tt ) ., ('f:L~ 1;.) t-A\I =0)

.... 'Iso En ottop,'c f")u)CeM:"

lJ.)'h.o..o +t-u- S Ij St e hi ~e. fr 0 0') Oro... S t-a::t.L .f-o OJ n c +tu.n S+-et::h., ~ +-h.u-u.. ~ 110 ~e J1Jh Ent1yoP21 te4(e

p....lOlce CI1S :'0) .k ~ Ji)oenQ-¥Op,'c p..'}f..Ot~.

i

- J J ,Pr;:) .J. Jr_Fray /\9-£1^ if =0"
0" ):J'Xd ::: m p~::t =en

o ·rd~Ub

~~ o~(fLO~~ If.{"d (--'0 hS -rL+f. <.LQ -ruQ')O or 'rI.t<:X)'l "Q1Ol..O~~ u~ Q

~ ~Im~ ~> +ou 'Y} B' c:Yl tI+~ Ud:H-~ J.D!- ~*no vr j lillorn ~~.-nr-t- 7:CYJq UQI~unt- 'al(XO)O(J.}£hto ~ 'f' q:'):. (I orno.r. '1' +~ Lt n II UlV > U G-- S +:t.... 0

'R,n.m..t3 t<l WlJlj- paSJUIU~Q JJ ~ ~\Com.

... t

• <.tfln.b1YT4+ «',u:wrn3 -to ftfO,I1TPlI cr.> "M+ .W! C11f.l 14

IUO/-Wu-o-;.p. ~S --0 (fJ' <> Z =P04-t <?COOLl'yi' <ittlqHrPUCQ r.Il.U.~·1f'

~ .1lWl:1 "l: -fa a bU 1V^ 4;:> fi-r vnQ11...4'CI+fYlU.4 (^) .IS <.f+lfr).

$'a G~ toL(4) :z. ~ ~ ~ ~ VU trn.A..\ 4J.!l.+ij\1\

?G ~'Uhnm4<J t.e+,IO'i !(QI ~;:) ~ <IU'1UT1U --y~ ~ ';"lUo;:) 1=0 11} ,/11" ~JJ lQj:t.t:rp ~J. (^1)

.f... (1'>11"

-f.Q ~ l-vv1l\f iJ <#,' 0) 'iiI-'U ~4? 1:. (^) ~. ,,(~
'l(, 'Hvucn l1J' j- j ,tp ..-proJ (^) ~e ze )

• ()

'~)1r

@ ~K)Qcn- 'T' HmH QL( IC) Tl'011-i /[\ Ull 0 ;;J~U1fp UOchrfO lIPV4 --0. rr 'il~W.UJU Ft-p 0 OJ I-lT.f+ u:r I..G~ d 0 rrr.r ~Q ntL

'1Ge

(N] e

l~ W ~ (' ([. R's '8 I + loX. L/) -+ ~ e (tfd:. n -+ R~ ~ ,s) -= ~~ ~

UJ:'O.n1~ ~? vr 'Y'~>t)POi..f1- 0, 1J.rl)').& c;rn.at· ~ worn:3 mo rrot "Ii -: 1;

/

[~J ~Q. -

t~~J

h"p R h"p X'II

[~0t1..t+ ~~=t I-a) ")( ~ ~ e (^) ;:: ~ (IX e