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The concepts of 2-3 and 2-3-4 trees, which are balanced binary search trees. These trees maintain a balance between the number of nodes at each level to ensure efficient searching. 2-3 trees allow each node to have at most 2 or 3 children, while 2-3-4 trees can have nodes with up to 4 children. The tree structure, insertion, deletion, and the advantages of using these trees.
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2-3 tree^ empty
S S L class Tree23Node{Object small; Object large;Tree23Node left; Tree23Node mid;Tree23Node right; }
boolean search(Object item){if(item == null) throw new NullPointerException(“…”); if(isEmpty()) throw new TreeUnderflowException(“…”);Comparable o = (Comparable)item; Tree23Node loc = root;while(loc!=null){ int comp = o.compareTo(loc.small);if(comp<0) loc = loc.left; else if(comp==0) return true;if(loc.large==null) loc = loc.middle; else{comp = o.compareTo(loc.large); if(comp<0) loc = loc.middle;else if(comp==0) return true; } else loc = loc.right; }return false; }
case i-1.
case i-2.
case i-3. case i-5.
case i-4.
2-3-4 treeempty T (^) L T (^) R T (^) L T (^) M T (^) R
insert(55)^60 40 80
10 15 20 50 65 70 90
insert(65)
delete(55) 10 15 20 50 65 70 90
delete(50)