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Note: This document should only be used as a reference and should not replace assignment guidelines. This document gives instruction for Note- Bibliography style references. For information on Author-Date style or f or more information in general, see A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations: Chicago Style for Students and Researchers, 8 th^ edition.
Getting Started
Title Page
Class papers should begin with a title page (though some put the title on the first page of the text, as shown below; consult your instructor). Place the title of the paper 1/3 of the way down the page, centered. If the paper has a main title and a subtitle, place the main title on a single line, followed by a colon, and begin the subtitle on the next line. Place your name 2/3 down the page, along with any information requested by your instructor, such as the course title and date. For a general format, consult Kate Turabian’s A Manual for Writers , 8th edition (p. 376).
1 THE HISTORY OF WESTERN MILITARY CODES
In Victorian England, strict parents made it hard for lovers to communicate with each other. “Lovers would have to invent their own ciphers, which they used to publish notes in newspapers.” 1 This paper will explore some of the history of codes used by the west’s militaries and how they aided in warfare.
Charles Babbage loved to read the paper and try to solve the codes. Once, he saw a message from a student inviting his girlfriend to elope. Babbage wrote in their code and advised them not to act so rashly. Their code had been discovered. 2 ____________________
- Richard Baker, “The Structure of the Military,” History Journal 27 (September 1938, College Edition): 597-607.
- Benjamin McDonald, The Roots of Military Codes (Madison, N.J.:Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1970), 386-88.
1
From the Cave to the Cloud: The Enduring Influence of Plato’s Republic
Tania Fenderblass History 201: Digital Perspectives on Ancient Texts April 1, 2013
Format
Use 12-point Times New Roman font on all pages of the paper. Double space the text, but single space the footnotes and endnotes. Leave a one-inch margin on all four sides of the document. For a thesis or dissertation, a bigger margin (1 ½ inches) may be needed (p. 372-373).
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Page Numbers
Do not number a title page, which is separate from the rest of the text (p. 373).
Other front matter (Glossaries, lists of tables, etc.) should be numbered with lowercase Roman numerals, as shown at right (p. 381-388).
The page number can be placed in one of three locations: centered in the footer, centered in the header, or flush right in the header, as long as the location is consistent. Number the pages in the body of the paper and the back matter (appendix, endnotes), starting on the first page of the text, as shown below (p. 373). Glossary
Arabic numberal. One of the familiar digits used in arithmetical computation (1,2,3, etc.)
Block quotation. Quoted material set off typographically from the text by indentation.
vii
1
THE HISTORY OF WESTERN MILITARY CODES
In Victorian England, strict parents made it hard for lovers to communicate with each other. “Lovers would have to invent their own ciphers, which they used to publish notes in newspapers.” 1 This paper will explore some of the history of codes used by the west’s militaries and how they aided in warfare.
Charles Babbage loved to read the paper and try to solve the codes. Once, he saw a message from a student inviting his girlfriend to elope. Babbage wrote in their code and advised them not to act so rashly. Their code had been discovered. 2 ____________________
- Richard Baker, “The Structure of the Military,” History Journal 27 (September 1938, College Edition): 597-607.
- Benjamin McDonald, The Roots of Military Codes (Madison, N.J.:Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1970), 386-88.
1
From the Cave to the Cloud: The Enduring Influence of Plato’s Republic
Tania Fenderblass History 201: Digital Perspectives on Ancient Texts April 1, 2013
Library 208 • 801-863-8936 • www.uvu.edu/writingcenter
Block Quotations
Block quotations are quotations 5 lines or longer. They do not have quotation marks around them. Introduce the quotation in your own words in the text.
Block quotations are single spaced and indented as a new paragraph from the left. If the block quotation is an entire paragraph from the original text, the 1st line should be indented 1.5 to 2 inches by pressing tab twice.
If you introduce the quotation with a complete sentence, end the sentence with a colon.
If you use a phrase such as notes , claims , argues , or according to along with the author’s name, end the phrase with a comma.
If you weave the quotation into the syntax of your sentence, do not use any punctuation before the quotation (p. 349).
If you use multiple paragraphs in a block quotation, indent them as they are indented in the text, but do not add extra line space between them.
Block quotations may use a superscript number and footnote or endnote, or instead, they may be followed by parenthetical citations (Author’s last name, year of publication, page number) with the punctuation before the citation (p. 349-350).
Jackson begins by evoking the importance of home:
Housing is an outward expression of the inner human nature; no society can be fully understood apart from the residences of its members. A nineteenth-century melody declares, “there’s no place like home,” and even though she had Emerald City at her feet, Dorothy could think of no place she would rather be than at home in Kansas. Our homes are our havens from the world 1.
He observed that
Governments ordinarily perish by powerlessness or by tyranny. In the first case, power escapes them; in the other, it is torn from them. Many people, on seeing democratic states fall into anarchy, have thought that government in these states was naturally weak and powerless. The truth is that when war among their parties has once been set aflame, government loses its action on society. (Tocqueville, 248)
According to Jackson,
Housing is an outward expression of the inner human nature; no society can be fully understood apart from the residences of its members. A nineteenth-century melody declares, “there’s no place like home,” and even though she had Emerald City at her feet, Dorothy could think of no place she would rather be than at home in Kansas. Our homes are our havens from the world.
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Bibliography
In addition to endnotes or footnotes, a bibliography is required at the end of the paper. If endnotes are used, the bibliography comes after endnotes. It should list all sources that were looked at or consulted, whether or not they are referenced in the paper. The title should be centered and in all capital letters but not underlined, italicized, or bolded (p. 402).
10
Though codes have proven beneficial to lovers, they have also proved fatal for enemies of war. Yet codes will forever add to the
mysteries of military warfare.
- Marshall Savage, Culture and Practical Reason (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976), 88.
- Ibid., 89.
- A reason why many codes have been broken is that people have gotten much more intelligent in recent years. While education opportunities have proliferated, IQ levels have also risen with the decreased infant mortality rate of women. While history is the supreme discipline, it is wise to remember that value can be found in “decoding” other academic disciplines. (Frank Graves, The Living Principle: “History” as a Discipline of Thought [London: Chatto & Windus, 1975], 12).
- Savage, 144.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Atomic Energy Policy in France under the Fourth Republic. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1965. Cutler, Alan. “The War-Time Reliability of Interstate Alliances, 1816-1965.” Paper delivered at the Sixteenth Annual Conference of the International Studies Association, Washington, D.C. 19-22 February 1975. Savage, Marshall. The Foundations of Codes. New York: Dover, 1972. The Dispersion of Nuclear Weapons Strategy and Politics. New York: Columbia University Press, 1964.
Washington, George. The George Washington Papers. Library of Congress. Available at http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/gwhtml/gwseries1.html#D, accessed 1 Mar. 2006.
Arrangement, Indentation, and
Spacing
Arrange bibliographical entries in alphabetical order by the author’s last name. If there is no author for a work, list it alphabetically by the title (excluding the, a, and an).
Unlike foot and endnotes, which indent the first line, use a hanging indent for entries that continue onto subsequent lines. Indent 1/2’’ from the set margins after the first line of each entry (p. 221).
Each entry should be single spaced.
Using Ibid. and Shortened References
Within footnotes or endnotes, identical source information need not be repeated. The abbreviation “Ibid.” indicates that the note refers to the same information as the previous reference. Use it to replace the author’s name, the title, and any other identical information. If the note refers to a different page number, include the correct page number (p. 161).
If an author’s work has already been referenced but does not immediately precede the note in question, simply list the author’s last name and the page number. (p. 158).
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Book by a Single Author ( P. 146, 16.1; P. 166, 17.1.1)
N First Name Last Name, Title (Location: Publisher, Year), pages. Frank R. Wilson, The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture (New York: Pantheon, 1998), 14-21.
B Last Name, First Name. Title. Location: Publisher, Year. Wilson, Frank R. The Hand: How Its Use Shapes the Brain, Language, and Human Culture. New York: Pantheon,
Book by Two Authors ( P. 146, 16.1)
N First Name Last Name and First Name Last Name, Title (Location: Publisher, Year), pages. Roger L. Welsch and Linda K. Welsch, Cather's Kitchens: Foodways in Literature and Life (Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1987), 57-72.
B Last Name, First Name, and First and Last Name. Title. Location: Publisher, Year. Welsch, Roger, and Linda Welsch. Cather's Kitchens: Foodways in Literature and Life. Lincoln: University of Nebraska, 1987.
Book with No Author Given (p. 168, 17.1.1.5)
N Title (Location: Publisher, Year), Pages. A Guide to Our Federal Lands (Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984), 96.
B Title. Location: Publisher, Year. A Guide to Our Federal Lands. Washington: Natl. Geographic Soc., 1984.
Text in Collected Works (P. 180, 17.1.8.3)
N Author’s First Name Last Name, “Title of Text,” in Title of Collected Works , ed. Editor’s First Name Last Name (Location: Publisher, Year), pages. Mary Beach, “The Domestic Realm,” in Separate Worlds , ed. Hanna Papnanek (Delhi: Chanakya, 1982), 115.
B Last Name, First Name. “Title of Text.” In Title of Collected Works , ed. First Name Last Name, pages. Location: Publisher, Year. Beach, Mary. “The Domestic Realm.” In Separate Worlds , ed. Hanna Papnanek, 115. Delhi: Chanakya, 1982.
Article in a Newspaper (P. 186-188, 17.4)
N First Name Last Name, “Title of Article,” Title of Newspaper , Day Month Year. Tyler Marshal, “100th Birthday of Stalin Celebrated,” Los Angeles Times , December 9, 1979.
B Newspapers are rarely listed separately in a bibliography. If a newspaper is cited only once or twice, a footnote, endnote, or parenthetical note is sufficient.
