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Topic - "Street lights based on Vehicle movement"
Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research
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We are profoundly grateful to Prof. Mrs. S. R. Danve , our project guide for her expert guidance and continuous encouragement throughout to see that that this project writes its target since its commencement to its completion. We take this opportunity to express our sincere thanks to Prof. Mrs. S. R. Danve for her valuable suggestions and help during the course of the project. We feel it was her experience and inspiration that kept us improving. It was her endless help which helped us to accomplish our task with great efficiency. Monisha Kohli (PC-17) Kanishk Kaushik (PC-31) Shravani Jamkhande(PC-44) Second Year B. Tech. (ECE) MIT-WPU, Pune- 38
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Automation plays an increasingly very important role in the world economy and in daily life. Automatic systems are being preferred over any kind of manual system. Our project refers to a public street light system that adapts to movement by pedestrians, animals and vehicles. The street lights in our system turn off when no activity is detected, but glow when any movement is detected. This type of street lights are different from traditional, stationary street lights which we come across in our day-to-day life. Street lights are the major requirements in transportation. They play the major role in safety especially during night time when there is a high risk of accident. The main considerations of our project are automation, reduced power consumption and cost effectiveness. At the beginning, street lamps were controlled by manual control where a control switch is set in each of the street lights which is called the first generation of the original street light. After that, another method that has been used is optical control method done using high pressure sodium lamp in the system. Nowadays, it is seen that this method is widely used in the country. This method operates by setting up an optical control circuit, in which by sensing the changes in resistance using a light sensitive device one can control street lights which will automatically turn off the street lights after dawn and automatically turn them on after dusk. Due to the technological development nowadays, road lighting can be categorized according to the installation area and performance, for an example, lighting for traffic routes, lighting for subsidiary roads and lighting for urban centre and public amenity areas. Meanwhile, street light systems can be classified according to the type of lamps used such as incandescent light, mercury vapor light, metal halide light, high pressure sodium light, low pressure sodium light, fluorescent light, compact fluorescent light, induction light and LED light. The LED is considered as a promising solution to modern street lighting system due to its behaviour and advantages. Apart from that, the advantages of LED are likely to replace the traditional street lamps such as the incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and high- pressure sodium lamps. Therefore, the research work also highlights the energy efficient system of street lights using LED lamps with IR sensor interface for controlling and managing.
Our project works on transmissive IR sensors. The IR transmitter is directly placed in line-of-sight with the IR receiver so that the IR receiver continuously receives infrared light. When IR receiver (photodiode) receives infrared light, logic 1 is detected. When the infrared light is blocked , it will detect logic 0. So, we have written a program in such a way that when logic 0 is detected by the IR receivers, the corresponding three LEDs will detect logic 1 and they will glow and vice versa. Let us understand this with the following pictorial representation:
1. Consider IR receivers (Photodiodes) and IR transmitters (LEDs) are placed on either side of road. Here we have considered car as the obstacle. Port 0 is input port and Port 2 is output port.
C8051F340 is a High-speed 8051 MCU with 48 MIPS Throughput, 40 I/O Lines, 4 Timer/Counters, PCA, Compare/Capture, 10-bit A/D Converter, 2 Analog Comparators, SMBus, I2C, SPI, 2 UARTs, USB, 1K Byte USB FIFO, 64K Bytes FLASH, 256 Bytes Data, 4K Bytes XRAM. Specifications:
The IR receiver circuit consists of constant resistors and variable resistors (photodiodes).
Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time or operating voltage. Figure 3 : A 3.3 kilo ohm resistor Here we are using eight 3.3 kilo ohm resistors. Specifications:
Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical activity. Here, we are taking photodiode as variable resistor. Figure 4 : A photodiode (OP999) Here we are using eight photodiodes. Let us consider an IR Receiver circuit for one resistor and one photodiode. Same circuit is repeated for the rest.
The switching circuit consists of resistors, NPN transistors and LEDs.
Here we are using constant resistors. Figure 5 : 470 ohms resistor Specifications: Resistance 470 ohms Wattage rating 0.25 Watt Tolerance 1% Diameter of leads 0.43 mm Length of leads 28 mm
A transistor is a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals and electrical power. It is composed of semiconductor material usually with at least three terminals for connection to an external circuit. A voltage or current applied to one pair of the transistor's terminals controls the current through another pair of terminals. Here we are using NPN transistor. NPN Transistor: Figure 6 : 2N2222 Transistor
Here we are using eight LEDs Specifications: Color White Forward voltage 3.2 V to 3.6 V Maximum forward current 25 mA Let us now consider switching circuit for a single resistor, transistor and LED. Same will be repeated for the rest. Figure 8 : Switching circuit Base of transistor is connected to microcontroller through Rb.. The output current from microcontroller is sufficient to drive the transistor. LED is connected between emitter and ground. Collector terminal is connected to VCC.
Let us understand how this switching circuit works using following two cases: Case 1: Input from microcontroller is logic 1 So, the LEDs will turn ON. Case 2: Input from microcontroller is logic 0 So, the LEDs will turn OFF.
