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Chapter 1: Globalization Core
โ Globalization โ growing interdependence of world economies through human beings, goods, services, capital, technologies, and cultural practices.
โ Trade Liberalization / Free Trade โ removal of barriers to international trade.
โ Metaphor โ comparison describing something not literally true.
Metaphors of Globalization
โ Liquidity โ ease of movement of people, things, information; increasing today, hard to stop, always fluctuating.
โ Solidity โ barriers limit movement; social relations fixed; natural (landforms, bodies of water) or man-made (Great Wall, Berlin Wall, Nine Dash Line); may eventually โmelt.โ
โ Baumanโs Liquid Modernity โ liquid phenomena change quickly, are spatial/temporal, and make political boundaries more permeable.
Core Idea
โ Solid and Liquid โ metaphors describe how globalization shapes mobility; they constantly interact. โ Liquidity and soliditiy are in constant interaction
Solid
- People, things, and information harden over time.
- Limited mobility ; social relations stay where created.
- Barriers prevent movement.
- Solids may eventually melt.
Liquid
โ Not fixed
Liquidity
- Not fixed , easy to move.
- Zygmunt Bauman (Liquid Modernity):
โ Liquid phenomena change quickly.
โ Spatial and temporal.
โ In continuous fluctuation.
โ Movement difficult to stop.
โ Boundaries more permeable to flows.
Types of Flows
โ Flows โ movement enabled by porosity.
โ Interconnected Flows โ meet at various points.
โ Multi-directional Flows โ move in many possible directions.
โ Conflicting Flows โ clash and create complexity.
โ Reversing Flows โ โboomerang effect,โ return to source.
Three Kinds of Flows
- Flows of Goods, Services, and Finance (75%Manufactured, 15%RM, 10%Farmed
- Flows Due to Human Migration
- Invisible and Illegal Drugs
Chapter 2: Globalization Theories
โ Liberalism โ Emphasizes the positive aspects of globalization such as free trade, international cooperation, and the spread of democracy.
โ Political Realism โ Sees the international system as anarchic, where states act in their own self-interest to gain power.
โ Marxism โ Focuses on the economic side, driven by capitalist expansion and exploitation, increasing inequality.
โ Appaduraiโs Scapes โ Flows of people, media, technology, finance. ( PMTF )
Globalization and Regionalization
โ Globalization โ Speedup of movements and exchanges of humans, goods, and services; used to describe changes in society and the world.
โ Region โ Group of countries in the same geographical area.
โ Regionalization โ Societal integration and process of interaction ; dividing into smaller regions.
โ Regionalism โ Formal intergovernmental collaboration between states.
Factors of Regionalization: Security, economic goals, common culture/identity, managing globalizationโs negative effects.
Competing Conceptions of Globalization
โ Economic Globalization โ Increasing interdependence of economies through trade, capital, and investment.
โ Cultural Globalization โ Interconnectedness and exchange of cultural ideas and practices.
โ Political Globalization โ Interdependence of political systems worldwide.
Philosophies of Globalization
โ Philosophy โ Study of ideas about knowledge or truth; thought about something.
โ Kenichi Ohmae (1992) โ Global trade weakens importance of borders.
โ Arjun Appadurai (1996) โ Globalization explained by movement of people, ideas, money, and media.
โ Cesare Poppi (1997) โ Globalization affects culture and identity, causing disconnection.
โ Robert Cox (2000) โ Globalization formed by state actions and international markets.
Characteristics of Globalization:
โ Internationalizing product
โ International division of labor
โ New migratory movements SouthโNorth
โ Competitive environment
โ Internationalization of the state
Perspectives on Globalization
โ Kumar (2003) โ globalization involves academic, political, and social contributions.
โ Al-Rhodan (2006) โ globalization is a unifying force if positive; if not, it results in inequality.
โ Ritzer (2015) โ globalization is the continual flow of people, products, places, and information, with both liquidity and barriers.
Chapter 3: Core
โ Religion โ beliefs, practices, values, rituals, community centered on the spiritual/divine.
โ Globalization โ worldwide interconnectedness and interdependence.
โ Globalism โ ideology favoring free cross-border flow of people, goods, ideas.
Religious Organizations
โ Church โ large, established body.
โ Sect โ stricter breakaway group.
โ Denomination โ subgroup of a religion.
โ Cult/NRMs โ new or nontraditional movement.
โ Indigenous Religions โ native, nature/ancestor-based traditions.
Religion vs. Globalism
โ Religion โ sacred law, moral judgment, afterlife.
โ Globalism โ human law, wealth, satisfaction, no afterlife focus.
Difference Between Beliefs and Practices
โ Beliefs โ core ideas or doctrines about the divine, life, and morality.
โ Practices โ rituals and actions expressing or reinforcing beliefs. (praying)
Positive Impacts of Globalization on Religion
- Interfaith harmony โ greater interaction among religions.
Global Religious Dynamics
โ Transnational Religion โ movements across borders.
โ Multiple Glocalization โ global culture adjusts to local.
โ Indigenization โ religious beliefs into local culture
โ Vernacularization โ adapting religious text/local language/context.
โ Nationalization โ religion as nation formation
โ Transnationalization โ host state and home countries
Chapter 4: Global Population and Mobility
โ Global Population โ total number of people living on earth at a given time.
โ Trends โ noticeable patterns or direction of change in global population over time.
โ Urbanization โ people moving from rural centers to cities.
โ Fertility Decline โ families having fewer children.
โ Migration โ movement from one country or region to another.
โ Global Mobility โ movement of people, goods, services, ideas across borders.
Human Mobility Types
โ Migration โ long-term or permanent movement.
โ Refugee Movement โ fleeing home country due to war, persecution, or disaster.
โ Labor Mobility โ movement for work, seasonal, temporary, or permanent.
โ Tourism โ short-term travel for leisure, culture, business, or recreation.
โ Student Mobility โ cross-border movement for education.
Global Demography
โ Global Demography โ study of the worldโs population: size, structure, changes over time.
โ Population Growth โ growth when birth rates exceed death rates.
โ Population Distribution โ uneven spread of population worldwide.
โ Age Structure โ age makeup of populations.
Key Demographic Terms
โ Birth Rate โ babies born per 1,000 people yearly.
โ Death Rate โ deaths per 1,000 people yearly.
โ Fertility Rate โ average number of children per woman.
โ Life Expectancy โ average years a person can live.
โ Migration โ people moving place to place.
Global Migration
โ Migration โ ongoing movement of people across countries.
โ Migrant โ someone who moves, potentially returns.
โ Immigrant โ settles permanently in a new country.
โ Internal Migration โ movement within a country.
โ International Migration โ crossing borders to another country.
โ Refugees (Asylum-Seekers) โ flee due to war, persecution, or disasters.
Theory of Demographic Transition
โ Industrialization โ shift from agriculture to manufacturing.
โ Demography โ study of size, density, distribution of human population.
โ Theory of Demographic Transition โ four stages of population change as societies develop.
Stages
- Pre-Industrial โ stable population, high birth and death rates.
- Transitional โ declining death rates, high birth rates.
- Industrial โ declining birth rates due to urbanization, contraception, norms.
- Post-Industrial โ low, equal birth and death rates; near-zero or negative growth.
Political and Economic Factors
