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Understanding Genetic Inheritance: Meiosis and Fertilization, Exercises of Biology

Biology

The process of meiosis and fertilization, which are essential for the inheritance of genes from parents to offspring. It covers the importance of having a complete set of chromosomes, the problem that would occur if eggs and sperm were produced through mitosis, and how meiosis produces genetically diverse haploid gametes through crossing over and independent assortment. The document also discusses the significance of homologous chromosomes, genes, and alleles in this process.

Typology: Exercises

2021/2022

Uploaded on 11/30/2022

carsten-matson
carsten-matson 🇺🇸

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Name: ______________________: This is my work. I have not copied from anyone.
ANSWERS IN RED PLEASE!
Meiosis and Fertilization – Understanding How Genes Are Inherited
1
Introduction
1a. What is a gene?
1b. What processes ensure that each cell in your body has a complete set of chromosomes
with all the genes?
2. See diagram below. Summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent.
To understand how genes are inherited, you will need to learn what happens to the gene-
carrying chromosomes during:
• Meiosis – a special type of cell division that produces eggs and sperm
• Fertilization – a sperm unites with an egg to produce a zygote (a fertilized egg)
To summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent:
Name: : This is my work. I have not copied from anyone.
ANSWERS IN RED PLEASE!
Meiosis and Fertilization — Understanding How Genes Are Inheritedl
Introduction
la. What is a gene?
1b. What processes ensure that each cell in your body has a complete set of chromosomes
with all the genes?
2. See diagram below. Summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent.
To understand how genes are inherited, you will need to learn what happens to the gene-
carrying chromosomes during:
• Meiosis —a special type of cell division that produces eggs and sperm
• Fertilization —a sperm unites with an egg to produce a zygote (a fertilized egg)
To summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent:
Genes in chromosomes
in mother's cells
Genes in chromosomes
in egg
Genes in chromosomes
in father's cells
Genes in chromosomes
in sperm
Genes in chromosomes
in zygote
Genes in chromosomes
in child's cells
A gene is a trait a person is given by their parents
Sperm and egg cells only have 23 chromasomes each so when the collide you get 46
mom and dad have the same gene just one wins against the other one
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download Understanding Genetic Inheritance: Meiosis and Fertilization and more Exercises Biology in PDF only on Docsity!

Name: ______________________: This is my work. I have not copied from anyone.

ANSWERS IN RED PLEASE!

Meiosis and Fertilization – Understanding How Genes Are Inherited^1

Introduction

1a. What is a gene?

1b. What processes ensure that each cell in your body has a complete set of chromosomes

with all the genes?

2. See diagram below. Summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent.

To understand how genes are inherited, you will need to learn what happens to the gene-

carrying chromosomes during:

  • Meiosis – a special type of cell division that produces eggs and sperm
  • Fertilization – a sperm unites with an egg to produce a zygote (a fertilized egg)

To summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent:

Name: : This is my work. I have not copied from anyone.

ANSWERS IN RED PLEASE! Meiosis and Fertilization — Understanding How Genes Are Inheritedl Introduction

la. What is a gene?

1b. What processes ensure that each cell in your body has a complete set of chromosomes

with all the genes?

2. See diagram below. Summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent.

To understand how genes are inherited, you will need to learn what happens to the gene-

carrying chromosomes during:

  • Meiosis —a special type of cell division that produces eggs and sperm
  • Fertilization —a sperm unites with an egg to produce a zygote (a fertilized egg)

To summarize how a child inherits one copy of each gene from each parent:

Genes in chromosomes in mother's cells Genes in chromosomes in egg Genes in chromosomes in father's cells Genes in chromosomes in sperm Genes in chromosomes in zygote Genes in chromosomes in child's cells

3. The zygote has all the chromosomes with all the genes that were in the egg and sperm. What

problem would occur if eggs and sperm were produced by mitosis?

To understand the biological solution to the problem that would occur if eggs and sperm were

made by mitosis, we need to think about pairs of homologous chromosomes.

4. What is a pair of homologous chromosomes?

  • A diploid cell has pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Almost all the cells in your body are diploid.

  • A haploid cell has only one chromosome from each pair of

homologous chromosomes.

5. How many copies of each gene are in a diploid cell?

6. How many copies of each gene are in a haploid cell?

As a result of meiosis, each egg or sperm

receives one chromosome from each pair

of homologous chromosomes in the

parent.

7. Match each item in the list with a,b,c

Diploid cell → diploid cells ___

Diploid cell → haploid cells ___

Haploid cells → diploid cell ___

a. Fertilization b. Meiosis c. Mitosis

As a result of meiosis, each egg or sperm

receives one chromosome from each pair

of homologous chromosomes in the

parent.

7. Match each item in the list with a,b,c

3. The zygote has all the chromosomes with all the genes that were in the egg and sperm. What

problem would occur if eggs and sperm were produced by mitosis?

To understand the biological solution to the problem that would occur if eggs and sperm were

made by mitosis, we need to think about pairs of homologous chromosomes.

4. What is a pair of homologous chromosomes?

A diploid cell has pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Almost all the cells in your body are diploid.

A haploid cell has only one chromosome from each pair of

homologous chromosomes.

| 10

5. How many copies of each gene are in a diploid cell?

6. How many copies of each gene are in a haploid cell?

Mother's cells

Egg

Diploid Meiosis Fertilization Diploid cell —Y diploid cells Diploid cell —Y haploid cells Haploid cells —Y diploid cell a. Fertilization b. Meiosis c. Mitosis (^) Zygote

Repeated Mitosis

Child's cells 10 Haploid Father's cells

Sperm

When a pair of homologous chromosomes is lined up next

to each other at the beginning of meiosis I, the two

homologous chromosomes can exchange parts of a

chromatid. This is called crossing over. This figure shows

crossing over for a pair of homologous chromosomes that

begins with one chromosome that has the A and H alleles

and another chromosome that has the a and h alleles.

Meiosis will separate the pair of homologous chromosomes

and then the sister chromatids. This will produce gametes

with four different combinations of the alleles for the two

labeled genes.

10. The combinations of alleles in the different gametes will

be: _______ _______ _______ _______

11. The total amount of genetic diversity in the gametes produced by one person is huge. Each

human body cell has roughly 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Independent assortment of 23 pairs of homologous can produce more than 8 million different

combinations of chromosomes! The number of different combinations of alleles in the gametes

is even greater due to ____________ _______ at the beginning of meiosis I.

Genes are inherited via meiosis and fertilization.

To learn how meiosis and fertilization determine the genetic makeup of a child, you will analyze

inheritance for two parents who both have the Aa genotype. This flowchart shows how these

parents could have a child with the Aa genotype.

When a pair of homologous chromosomes is lined up next

to each other at the beginning of meiosis l, the two

homologous chromosomes can exchange parts of a

chromatid. This is called crossing over. This figure shows

crossing over for a pair of homologous chromosomes that

begins with one chromosome that has the A and H alleles

and another chromosome that has the a and h alleles.

Meiosis will separate the pair of homologous chromosomes

and then the sister chromatids. This will produce gametes

with four different combinations of the alleles for the two

labeled genes.

10. The combinations of alleles in the different gametes will

homologous chromosomes a h Crossmg over

11. The total amount of genetic diversity in the gametes produced by one person is huge. Each

human body cell has roughly 20,000 genes on 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes.

Independent assortment of 23 pairs of homologous can produce more than 8 million different

combinations of chromosomes! The number of different combinations of alleles in the gametes

is even greater due to at the beginning of meiosis I.

Genes are inherited via meiosis and fertilization.

To learn how meiosis and fertilization determine the genetic makeup of a child, you will analyze

inheritance for two parents who both have the Aa genotype. This flowchart shows how these

parents could have a child with the Aa genotype.

Alleles in chromosomes A A a a

in mother's cells 11

A A a a Alleles in chromosomes

11 in^ father's^ cells

Allele in chromosome

in one type of egg A)

a Allele in chromosome

in one type of sperm

Alleles in chromosomes

in the resulting zygote

Repeated mitosis

Alleles in chromosomes

in child's cells A a

12. Explain why no two siblings inherit exactly the same combination of alleles from their

parents (except for identical twins who both developed from the same zygote).

A complete answer will include the following terms:

homologous chromosomes, genes, alleles, meiosis, crossing over,

independent assortment, gametes, egg, sperm, fertilization, zygote.

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction

Thus far, we have been discussing sexual reproduction in humans. Asexual reproduction

involves only mitosis, without meiosis and fertilization. Many types of plants and some types of

animals have asexual

reproduction.

This figure shows one type of

asexual reproduction. Repeated

mitosis produces the cells that

form a bud. Then, the bud breaks

off to form a daughter hydra.

A hydra is an animal that lives in the water and uses its

tentacles to catch food.

13. Are there any genetic differences between the mother hydra and the daughter hydra?

Explain your reasoning.

14. What would be the advantage of asexual reproduction for an organism that lives in a stable

environment that does not change?

15. What would be the advantage of sexual reproduction for an organism that grows in a

variable environment that often changes?

12. Explain why no two siblings inherit exactly the same combination of alleles from their

parents (except for identical twins who both developed from the same zygote).

A complete answer will include the following terms:

homologous chromosomes, genes, alleles, meiosis, crossing over,

independent assortment, gametes, egg, sperm, fertilization, zygote.

Sexual vs. Asexual Reproduction

Thus far, we have been discussing sexual reproduction in humans. Asexual reproduction

involves only mitosis, without meiosis and fertilization. Many types of plants and some types of

animals have asexual reproduction.

This figure shows one type of

asexual reproduction. Repeated mitosis produces the cells that

form a bud. Then, the bud breaks

off to form a daughter hydra. Bud TenocJæ Hydra Dæghter Hydra

A hydra is an animal that lives in the water and uses its

tentacles to catch food.

13. Are there any genetic differences between the mother hydra and the daughter hydra?

Explain your reasoning.

14. What would be the advantage of asexual reproduction for an organism that lives in a stable

environment that does not change?

15. What would be the advantage of sexual reproduction for an organism that grows in a

variable environment that often changes?