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this this this this this this, Quizzes of Earth science

Earth science

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Typology: Quizzes

2021/2022

Uploaded on 07/25/2023

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Harrison Berrier
Austen Scruggs
3 March 2021
Using Acid/Base Extraction to Separate a Three-Component Mixture
Introduction: This week a three-component mixture containing an acidic, basic, and neutral
component was separated. This was accomplished using acid/base extraction. Each compound’s
acid/base properties were exploited to move the components between immiscible aqueous and
organic layers. As each component was isolated from the primary solution it was analyzed. The
individual acid/base reactions that took place were simple proton transfers that lead to significant
shifts in in compound solubility that allowed for sequential isolation of each compound. Utilizing
infrared spectroscopy and H NMR were used to identify and verify the molecular structure of
various compounds.
Reaction Mechanism:
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Harrison Berrier Austen Scruggs 3 March 2021 Using Acid/Base Extraction to Separate a Three-Component Mixture Introduction: This week a three-component mixture containing an acidic, basic, and neutral component was separated. This was accomplished using acid/base extraction. Each compound’s acid/base properties were exploited to move the components between immiscible aqueous and organic layers. As each component was isolated from the primary solution it was analyzed. The individual acid/base reactions that took place were simple proton transfers that lead to significant shifts in in compound solubility that allowed for sequential isolation of each compound. Utilizing infrared spectroscopy and H NMR were used to identify and verify the molecular structure of various compounds. Reaction Mechanism:

Table of Reagents:

b. Pay close attention to the layers so that there is no mix up between the organic/aqueous phases and the components that are dissolved within them. c. Do not throw away any of the layers until the experiment is completely finished. Experimental Procedure: Isolating the Basic Component – Benzocaine

  1. Obtain 10 mL of 1 M HCl (aq) and add it to the solution in the separatory funnel.
  2. Seal the funnel with a stopper and shake the solution well for 30-60 seconds. a. The funnel must be pointed down and away from people in the surrounding area. Vent the funnel a few times during the mixing so that excess pressure does not build up. b. Gas pressure will build up if the funnel is not properly vented.
  3. After the shaking is complete, let the funnel stand undisturbed so that the layers can separate.
  4. Once the layers are distinct, drain the lower and organic layer into a 100 mL beaker and put it to the side.
  5. Drain the rest of the aqueous layer into its own 100 mL beaker. Be sure to label both beakers.
  6. Add the organic (yellow) layer back into the separatory funnel and repeat the extraction with another addition of 10 mL of 1 M HCl. Drain this layer into another 100 mL beaker and put it to the side.
  7. Mix the rest of the aqueous layer with the original aqueous layer that was isolated during the first extraction.
  1. Add 5 mL of 6 M NaOH drop by drop into the beaker that contains the mixed aqueous layers. This step will neutralize the acidic solution and regenerate benzocaine.
  2. Observe if any crystal formation occurs.
  3. Put the mixture in an ice-water bath for 10 minutes and once the crystal formation is complete, isolate the product using vacuum filtration.
  4. Rinse the Buchner funnel and 100 mL beaker with 5 mL of ice cold water to make sure that all of the crystals are recovered.
  5. Perform a vacuum filtration for 10-15 minutes in order to dry the solid product. Use a heat lamp if it is necessary.
  6. Weigh the benzocaine crystals and use the Mel-Temp apparatus to determine the experimental melting point. Experimental Procedure: Isolating the Acidic Component – Benzoic Acid
  7. Pour the yellow, organic layer back into the separatory funnel.
  8. Use two separate 10 mL aliquots of 1 M NaOH to extract the layer twice. Set the organic solution aside and pay attention to the combined aqueous layers.
  9. Add 5 mL of 6 M HCl drop by drop into the beaker that contains the combined aqueous layers. This step is necessary for neutralizing the basic solution and regenerating benzoic acid.
  10. Observe any crystal formation.
  11. Place the mixture into an ice-water bath for 10 minutes then once crystals form, use vacuum filtration to isolate the solid product.
  1. Weigh the fluorenone crystals that are left behind and determine its experimental melting point. Data/ observations: - - all solids were powdery - organic molecule mixture was an opaque color - when the solid was in the mixture it was a cloud substance
  • when adding the HCl to the acidic component and the NaOH to the basic component, the solid was white
  • water condensed on the rotovap Results: Percent recovery of basic component: 0.450/0.497 x 100% = 90.5%

Percent recovery of acidic component: 0.399/0.510 x 100% = 78.24% Percent recovery of neutral component: 0.421/0.475 x 100% = 88.63% Discussion/ Conclusion: The percent recoveries for this experiment were fairly reasonable. The acidic component’s percent recovery was not as great as the others. This error may be due to some products being stuck in the suction filtration system and some of the product may not have been able to be removed from the filter paper. Based on the IR Spectra, the acidic compound identified was benzoic acid. On the IR spectrum graph, the a benzene ring can be identified at approximately 3000 on the x-axis. Also, a long, deep peak at approximately 1700 on the x-axis signals benzoic acid’s double bonded oxygen. Post-Lab Questions:

No layer separation would happen and the two components would not be able to be separated. A balanced equation would show the reactants staying the same as products.