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A group of cells that ave similar in structure and work togethes Tissues : — ee to perfosm a particulas function. Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism Examples of tissue ae Muscle, Nerves , Blood, Xylem) phloem, ete ———Division of work ) ‘Muscular Tissues help in movement - Nervous Trssues cary messages. ox er ) foe ) waste, eke > Division of Labous Blood Tissues carrey ~— to another .as plant could Animals move for food , shelter etc so 24> “show movement _ they require more energy. T SHOOT Need to stay upright ~ have more Supportive tissues are less because supportive tissues. they can move. v RooT Supportive tissues mostly have dead cells. Most tissues have living cells. Growth ia ante at regions Growth is uniform all over the body. Some tissues (meristematic) divide " 7 throughout life , Growth happens After reading a maturity stage, ‘ rowth stops throughout Life, Pesmanent Tissue Meristematic Tissue simple complex Apical meristem Pasmanent Tissue Permanent Tissue Tntercalary mesistem parenchyma collenchyma Xylem Phloem Lateral meristem Sclevenchyma ; : Y +Tracheids «sieve Tube elements «Vessels *Companion celle *Xylempavenchyma + Phloem parenchyma “Xylem Fibres * Phloem ¢ibres Meristematic Tissue Permane sue Cells continously divide.sn ew cells Cells do not divide Son a small in size and isodiametric in Cells are variable in shape and size Vacuoles are usually absent * Large Vacuoles are present in living cells Intercellular spaces are generally absent, | _ Visible intercellular spaces are present. Cell walls are thin. Cell walls can be thin or thick. provides growth of plant MERISTEMATIC TIrssue at specific location. Lateral mesistem { lants like] © * Found in some plants like : (ALT A I va Intescalary garcane, bamboo meristem * Present at base Apical meristem meristem es stem longer helps in regrowth of : er grasses * Present at tips of root anc ‘ LRN ETa * Inc s length of root and meristem * Primary ¢ PPeimen ¢ Present laterally * Increases girth / thickn ; stem and root Lateral sab Shoot Apical Mer 7 j RAI secondary Growth meristem Permanent Tissue The permanent tissues are made of cells which have lost their capability to divide. _ i istematic Hssues 2-The Division and Digferentiation of the cells of mer qive rise to permanent tissues . Division - “The single cell pitst divides many times to form 4 large number of cells Di¢ferentiation - Now these cells take up a pexmanent shape, size and a function. This process of taking up a permanent shape, size and a punctiod is called differenti ation. Features Location simple Permanent’ Parenchyma Stem, Leaves ,roots, fruits and Flowers Collenchyma Leaf Stalk (Leaf Stem) Sclerenchyma Husk of coconut , hard covering of Nuts and Seeds, Veins of Leaves Main function Storage of food, helps in photosynthesis Provides Flexibility with mechanical support Provides hardness and stiffness Nature of cells Living Living Dead Cell wall Thin, made of cellulose gnevenly thickened at. 4. | Thick, made of lignin hemicellulose interme Large Very little Absent + Tissue — Fransport system made up of waite than one type orcells Xylem Conductive tissues or Phloem ? coater and minerals el Food Fransport - leaves teal! transport roots to other parts of pla stems and leaves Fraslocation XYLEM TOBES PHLOEM TUBES Ta chetds LTibulay structures (actslike pipes) . 2.Fransport water and minerals vertically. 3.Made of Dead cells - ‘ylem <—aek Is —— lem 1. provide support 2Dead cells J 4. stoves food (stasch) 2. tuing cells ees Plate. Epidesmis:— outermost thin layer of cells 4. Continuous layer without mtercellular spaces . ection to plants - prom injury. 2. provide pro and Against 3-In desert plants —> Epidermis has thick wax reduce water loss by Hanspiration (cutin “Is a ch with woates 4, €pidermal cells Numerous ‘ores , the ¢ - help in branch elements. Sieve cells ave sin -Tube like conducting structures, nsports food . walle of Fieve tube cells pevported by are called Sieve ort of food - found next to sfeve tube haveq nucleus. — stoves fooel (starch): give mechanical support to stevehubes. le , elongated phloemcells pound! in iymnosperms Sieve pore ~ Sieve plates <> Companion cell Phloem parenchyma Sieve tube element (Non flowering ans) , lacking steve plates and companion cells. Excep? Phloem Fibres other phloem cells ave /vin ha 4. Ittransports water and minerals from roots tostem and leaves 1. Ittransports food material rem the leaves to all other parts ofthe plant, 2. Xylem consists of tracheids, vessels xylem fibres and xylem parenchyma. 2, Ph if Jats of sieve tubas, sieve 3 cals, phioom Rbres and yma, fem parenchyma is ving 3. Seve tubes, sieve cells, companion cells, and phloem parenchyma are ving els, xylem fibres are dead 4. Phloem fibres are dead tissues. 5, Conduction of water by xylem it Uniditectionsl (upward from root) 5. Food materi conducton i idzectional(upeard and downward from ito eGR) Entire Plant supace is covered with Epidermis. uoater loss - Proof quality) young op cutin to roots have long hair - like parts t increase total Suvpace ayea poy water absorption. stomata:— small poves in the €pidesmis 3. Transpiration ( loss of water as water vapour) takes Place Hnrough ctomata.- oF 4.stomata ave enclosed by two kidney shaped Cells called Giuard cells. 2. Each stomata helps in exchan the leae- with atmosphere. ge oF Yases Against paras itte attack mical| substance = ° iw Guard Cells Tissue Columnar Epitheli fated Columnar Epithelium Glandular Epithelium Appearance Location Function Single layer flat thin | Blood vessels, lung | Transportation of cells ~ alveoli_~ substances ; : inne’ Multilayer flat thin |, ining of mouth Protection cells ae alt Linii ng of kidney Secretion Cube shaped cells | tubules, aucts of | flitration Mechanical salivary glands support Tall pillar-like cells Inner lining of “intestine Absorption & secretion Columnar cells with Cilia ( hair-like structures Respiratory system Cilia move and push the mucus forward to clear i Portion of epithelium| that folds inward/| Glands of body (sweat gland, salivary “gland etc) Secretion of substances | MUSCULAR TiSsuE 1. Tissue made of ai Celle. 2. Help in movemer 3.Movement is que +o contraction in our body. Present in muscles — Contractile proteins . skeletal Muscle Striated Muscle Smooth Muscle Unstriated Muscle Tissue Location Skeletal / Striated Muscle Attached to bones Smooth / UnStraited Muscle blood vessels, irls in eyes, Walls| of alimentary canal,bronchi in —— lungs , ureters and Relaxation of special protein cardic Muscle Ea Cardiac Muscle Heart Control Voluntary (under our will) Involuntary (not under our will) Involuntary (not under our will). Appearance (Microscope) CAK Striated (shows light & dark bands)| 2 Unstriated (no bands) >> Light Striated (faint bands) - = Cell Shape wT Long, elindrical, unbranched Spindle-shaped (long with pointed ends), Cylindrical, branched Multinucleate (many nuclei) PP all ~*~ Uninucleate (one nucleus) Uninucleate (one nucleus) 0. Helps in body movement, locomotion —_ Helps in involuntary movements (food movement, blood flow, etc) v Feamps blood by rhythmic contraction & relaxation Get tired casily/ Do Not Get Tired Do Not Get Tired CAT LAB v v v Vv T. oy Vv Y d | Blood Bone tendons Ligaments Cattilage 8 naa Areckas 1. Connective Tissue protects ssupports, Franspost substances, stove gat) illspaces, connect two tissues 1 give lexibilby ete. 2.Cells of connective Tissues aye |oosel packed. 3. Space between cells filled joith mbteix: 4. Matrix may be yelly- like» Fluid ov rigid. 1Blood is a fluid connective fissue - 2. Function; Fransportation of ees digested food, hormones and waste materials +o di¢ferentp arts of the body ; Provides protection. Platlets Red Blood Corpuscles (RBCs) White Blood Corpuscles (WBCs) Platelets Plasma Fluid Matrix of Blood Fluid Matrix 90 % water , 7% Protien Red Pigment Fight infect Hemoglobin is present Patt infections, 2.Types: Transport of Hemoglobin in RBC chahoaer Blood clotting digested food, CO. helps transport = Basophils : waste oxygen to different 1 [prohoeytes parts of body = Monocytes Tendo Ligament: 1. Connective tissue that attaches muscles to bone.- 1. Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone. 2. Help in the movement 2. Help in holding of Bone loves Bone Ugaments tind bone ( to bone bones together (support to joints) of bones 3. Strong and Non-elastic 3. Strong and elastic 1.Cartilage is pound in seints(such as the knzes dnd elbows), the eats and nose, and various location - 2. It's 4 plexiable connective tissue. cells ave widely spaced. 3. it provides Cushioning ivedluces priction, Offers SUPPort . _ Wansmission of an Tinpulse_ —» signal mess Nerve impulse (signal) Keach % dendrites Move a ong the axon A . Reach the nerve ending impulse is passed to denelvites of next neuron 1. Nerve /mpulses help us fo move our muiscies. 2: Fhable animak fo move raptelly 1a vespohse Po sfimute’, Questions & Answer Q) What is the utility of tissues in multi-cellutar organisms? NCERT Q Complete the following chart Ans - NCERT 1. Division of Labour_~ Permanent tissue + Different tissues perform different functions (e.g., muscle tissue helps in movement, nervous tissue carry messages, Blood tissue carry oxygen, food , waste etc) * This division of work makes the organism more efficient. [ simpte complex 2. Structural Support~ i T 1 i 1 + Some tissues like Bone in Animals & Simple Tissues in Plants provide strength , nym] [ ] [vem] [ ] giving the body shape and'Support. § ——_———~ 3. Efficient Functioning ~ + Since tissues are organised groups of similar cells, they work faster and more efficiently compared to single cells doing all tasks. ( Power of Unity } i 2 Q) How are simple tissues different from complex tissues ee pT Pees comunctousnfithestomats? NCERT in plants? nee 1) Exhange Of Gases Ans - = 2) Transpiration - Loss of water as water vapour imple Tissues Complex Tissues Transpl P LAsimple tissueisformed af onlyone | 1A complex tissue fs made of more Q) How does the cork act as a protective tissue? NCERT type of calls: than one type of calls. 2 Cork celis are compactly arranged due to absence of intercellular space. Cell Walls are Very 2.They form primary structure ofthe | 2, They form transpors system ofthe thick , due to prsence of a chemical - Suberin. No movement of water or even gas can occur plant plant. through Cork due to presence of Suberin . Cork protects plant from injury and water loss 3. There are three types of simple plant tissues - parenchyma, collenchyma and sclerenchyma, 3. There are two types of complex plant = a Haeg ives nd pice Q) Identify the type of tissue in the following: skin Q) Differentiate between parenchyma, collenchyma and bark of tree sclerenchyma on the basis of their cell wall. NCER’ lining of kidney tubule Ans- vascular bundle PARENCHYMA, COLLENCHYMA SCLERENCHYMA LCell wall is thin 1.Cell wall is unevenly | 1,Cell wall is thick ‘Ans - thickened (a) Stratified Squam: sue rare sree liste eeoree rae eT (a) Stratified Squamous Epithelial Tissue“ cellulose (Byers ¥ and hemicellulose (c) Cuboidal Epithelial Tissue ~~ y Q) Name the regions in which parenchyma tissue is present. ? NCERT )JAmMaaiidaeliileaants Aiba Q) Differentiate between striated, unstriated and cardiac muscles on NCERT Ans - : * These tissues are most abundant (present in almost all parts of Plants) PS Eee cuits. weture td site/location In the body * Present in Stem, Leaves, roots, Fruits & Flowers i ag Sy ee secume | gsi! ecw | Qt Q)How many types of elements together make up the xylem weepT oo vest si tissue? Name them .? tection | sitached ta bones | ees walls of ean | Bonet ings Ans- 9 issue k types of elen ; , acdc tae Pe ) What is the specific function of the cardiac muscle?” NCERT ‘Ans - The specific function of cardiac muscle isto pump blood throughout the body by contracting and relaxing rhythmically . They do this continuously without getting tied. 
