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topic 11.3 answers, Exams of Biology

Biology

Ultrafiltration is the non-specific filtration of blood under high pressure ... The level of water drawn from collecting ducts is controlled by the hormone ...

Typology: Exams

2021/2022

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11.3 The'Kidney'&'Osmoregulation'
Kidneys'
Define&excretion&
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Identify&the&nitrogenous&waste&produced&by&the&following&animals:&
Fish:##………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..#
Birds:##……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...#
Mammals:##……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….#
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Distinguish&between&the&excretory&systems&of&insects&and&mammals&
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Label&the&diagram&of&a&human&kidney&
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State&the&functional&unit&of&a&kidney&
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Excretion is the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolic activity
Mammals possess autonomous kidneys
Insects possess Malpighian tubules that are connected to the insect’s digestive system
Ammonia (which is very toxic but very water soluble)
Uric acid (which requires minimal water to flush)
Urea (which is non-toxic and so can be stored at higher concentrations)
Medulla
Renal pelvis
Renal artery
Renal vein
Ureter
Nephron
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11.3 The Kidney & Osmoregulation

Kidneys Define excretion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Identify the nitrogenous waste produced by the following animals: Fish: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. Birds: ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Mammals: ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. Distinguish between the excretory systems of insects and mammals ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Label the diagram of a human kidney

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  6. ………………………………………………………………………... State the functional unit of a kidney Excretion is the removal from the body of the waste products of metabolic activity Mammals possess autonomous kidneys Insects possess Malpighian tubules that are connected to the insect’s digestive system Ammonia (which is very toxic but very water soluble) Uric acid (which requires minimal water to flush) Urea (which is non-toxic and so can be stored at higher concentrations) Medulla Renal pelvis Cortex Renal artery Renal vein Ureter Nephron

Annotate a diagram of a nephron

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  7. ……………………………………………………………………….................. Osmoregulation Distinguish between osmoconformers and osmoregulators ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Identify the three stages of urine formation and where each stage occurs Stage Location 1 2 3 Explain the process of ultrafiltration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Proximal convoluted tubule Bowman’s capsule Glomerulus Loop of Henle Distal convoluted tubule Vasa recta Collecting duct Osmoconformers match their internal osmolarity to that of the environment Osmoregulators maintain a constant osmolarity (independent of environment) Ultrafiltration Selective reabsorption Osmoregulation Glomerulus / Bowman’s capsule Convoluted tubules (mainly proximal but some distal) Loop of Henle / collecting duct Ultrafiltration is the non-specific filtration of blood under high pressure (separates blood cells and proteins) Glomerular capillaries are fenestrated and the capsule is lined with podocytes that have extensions (pedicels) Blood freely enters the capsule by passing between the extensions, so the only barrier is a basement membrane Blood enters the glomerulus via a wide afferent arteriole and exits via a narrow efferent arteriole This makes it difficult for blood to exit the glomerulus, increasing the hydrostatic pressure in the glomerulus

Explain the difference in the concentration of molecules within the blood plasma, filtrate and urine Component Blood Filtrate Urine Reason Protein Glucose Urea Water Identify four substances that can be detected via urinary tests, and the significance of a positive sample

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  4. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... Outline the consequences of dehydration and overhydration Dehydration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Overhydration ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Outline two methods for the treatment of kidney failure ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….......... Present Absent Absent Remains in blood due to ultrafiltration Present Present Absent Selectively reabsorbed in tubules Present Present Present Eliminated (nitrogen waste product) Present Present Present Variable excretion to regulate water levels in body (osmoregulation) Glucose: Presence in urine indicates diabetes Protein: Certain diseases / hormonal condition Blood cells: Infectious diseases or cancers Drugs: For example, performance enhancers Dehydration causes blood pressure to drop and heart rate rises to compensate Overhydration can potentially lead to tissue damage (cells lyse from osmosis) Kidney dialysis involves the external filtering of blood in order to remove metabolic wastes Blood is pumped through a dialyzer, which restricts passage of certain materials and introduces fresh fluid The best long-term treatment for kidney failure is a kidney transplant: A transplanted kidney is grafted into the abdomen, but donors must be a close genetic match to minimise rejection