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Toxicological Profile for Copper, Exercises of Printing

Stanford University Printing

Copper is a transition metal and Group 11 essential element on the periodic table, atomic number 29, that can occur naturally in elemental form.

Typology: Exercises

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COPPER 154

4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION

***DRAFT FOR PUBLIC COMMENT***

CHAPTER 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION

4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY

Copper is a transition metal and Group 11 essential element on the periodic table, atomic number 29, that

can occur naturally in elemental form. Copper displays four oxidation states: Cu(0), Cu(I), Cu(II), and

Cu(III). Its industrial uses include electrical products and equipment, wiring, piping, sheet metal, building

material, machinery, and motors. Copper is essential to human health and is found in many foods. Copper

sulfate (CuSO4) is an inorganic compound that can occur in nature. It is the most common compound

used in commercial applications. It is the most widely used copper salt and is an ingredient in pesticide

formulations. Copper chloride is another important copper salt. It is used as a catalyst in chemical

reactions and in dyeing, printing, and fungicides (Budavari et al. 1996). Copper nanoparticles are formed

through natural processes or can be manmade. They are primarily used as antimicrobial, antibacterial and

antifungal agents. A summary of copper nanoparticle toxicity is in Section 2.21. Table 4-1 lists common

synonyms, trade names, and other pertinent identification information for copper, copper sulfate, and

copper chloride.

Table 4-1. Chemical Identity of Copper, Copper Sulfate and Copper Chloride

Characteristic

Copper

Copper Sulfate

Copper Chloride

Chemical Name

Copper

Copper Sulfate

Copper Chloride

Synonym(s) and

Registered

trade name(s)

M1; M2; M3; M4;

Cuprum; Gold Bronze;

1721 Gold; Bronze

powder; Cobre; Cuivre;

Rame; Allbri Natural

Copper; M3R; M3S; E

115; OFHC CU

Cupric Sulfate; Copper (II) sulfate;

cupric sulfate anhydrous; copper

sulphate; Blue stone; copper

monosulfate; Hylinec; Trinagle;

Delcup, cupric sulphate; sulfuric

acid copper (2+) salt (1:1);

monocopper sulfate

copper(II) chloride; cupric

chloride; cupric chloride

anhydrous; cupric

chloride dihydrate

Chemical

formula

Cu

CuSO

4

CuCl

2

Chemical

structure

Cu

CAS registry

number

7440-50-8

7758-98-7

7447-39-4

Source: PubChem 2020

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CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION

CHAPTER 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION

4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY

Copper is a transition metal and Group 11 essential element on the periodic table, atomic number 29, that

can occur naturally in elemental form. Copper displays four oxidation states: Cu(0), Cu(I), Cu(II), and

Cu(III). Its industrial uses include electrical products and equipment, wiring, piping, sheet metal, building

material, machinery, and motors. Copper is essential to human health and is found in many foods. Copper

sulfate (CuSO 4 ) is an inorganic compound that can occur in nature. It is the most common compound

used in commercial applications. It is the most widely used copper salt and is an ingredient in pesticide

formulations. Copper chloride is another important copper salt. It is used as a catalyst in chemical

reactions and in dyeing, printing, and fungicides (Budavari et al. 1996). Copper nanoparticles are formed

through natural processes or can be manmade. They are primarily used as antimicrobial, antibacterial and

antifungal agents. A summary of copper nanoparticle toxicity is in Section 2.21. Table 4-1 lists common

synonyms, trade names, and other pertinent identification information for copper, copper sulfate, and

copper chloride.

Table 4-1. Chemical Identity of Copper, Copper Sulfate and Copper Chloride

Characteristic Copper Copper Sulfate Copper Chloride

Chemical Name Copper Copper Sulfate Copper Chloride

Synonym(s) and Registered trade name(s)

M1; M2; M3; M4;

Cuprum; Gold Bronze; 1721 Gold; Bronze powder; Cobre; Cuivre; Rame; Allbri Natural Copper; M3R; M3S; E 115; OFHC CU

Cupric Sulfate; Copper (II) sulfate; cupric sulfate anhydrous; copper sulphate; Blue stone; copper monosulfate; Hylinec; Trinagle; Delcup, cupric sulphate; sulfuric acid copper (2+) salt (1:1); monocopper sulfate

copper(II) chloride; cupric chloride; cupric chloride anhydrous; cupric chloride dihydrate

Chemical formula

Cu CuSO 4 CuCl 2

Chemical structure

Cu

CAS registry number

Source: PubChem 2020

CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION

4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Copper is a metallic solid that is malleable and has high thermal conductivity, high electrical

conductivity, low corrosivity, and alloying ability. Its malleability is attributed to its relatively low

number of electrons on its outer shell. The properties of copper typically vary with purity. Metallic copper

is naturally a reddish color, and when exposed to oxygen in the air, it forms copper oxide which is black

(Haynes 2015). As copper reacts with carbon dioxide in the air, copper carbonates, which are usually

green, form. Copper is positioned below hydrogen in the electromotive-force series (lower reactivity);

therefore, it will not displace hydrogen ions in water, and thus has no single displacement interaction with

water. It is soluble in dilute acid and in ammonia with the presence of an oxidizing agent. Copper will

undergo galvanic corrosion when in contact with other metals. Copper sulfate is typically produced by

treating hot copper with sulfuric acid. The resulting material is a white-green solid when anhydrous and

blue crystals when hydrated (CuSO 4 .5H 2 O), and it readily absorbs water (Haynes 2015). Copper chloride

is produced by reaction of metallic copper with chlorine. It is a yellow-brown powder in the anhydrous

form. Table 4-2 lists important physical and chemical properties of copper, copper sulfate, and copper

chloride.

Table 4-2. Physical and Chemical Properties of Metallic Copper, Copper Sulfate,

Property Copper Copper (II) Sulfate Copper (II) Chloride

Molecular weight 63.55 g/mol 159.61 g/mol 134.45 g/mol

Color Reddish, lustrous White, off-white when dehydrated; blue crystals when hydrated

Yellow to brown

Physical state Solid Solid Solid

Melting point 1083°C (1981°F) 590°C 630°C

Boiling point 2595°C (4703°F) 650°C 993°C

Density: At 20°C/4°C

Odor Odorless Pleasant Odor Odorless

Odor threshold: Water Air

No data No data

Taste threshold No data No data No data

Solubility:

Water Insoluble Soluble Organic solvent(s) Slightly soluble in dilute acid and ammonia water

Soluble in methanol Insoluble in ethanol

Soluble in acetone, ethanol

Partition coefficients:

and Copper Chloride

Toxicological Profile for Copper, Exercises of Printing

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Partial preview of the text

Download Toxicological Profile for Copper and more Exercises Printing in PDF only on Docsity!

CHAPTER 4. CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL INFORMATION

4.1 CHEMICAL IDENTITY

Copper is a transition metal and Group 11 essential element on the periodic table, atomic number 29, that

can occur naturally in elemental form. Copper displays four oxidation states: Cu(0), Cu(I), Cu(II), and

Cu(III). Its industrial uses include electrical products and equipment, wiring, piping, sheet metal, building

material, machinery, and motors. Copper is essential to human health and is found in many foods. Copper

sulfate (CuSO 4 ) is an inorganic compound that can occur in nature. It is the most common compound

used in commercial applications. It is the most widely used copper salt and is an ingredient in pesticide

formulations. Copper chloride is another important copper salt. It is used as a catalyst in chemical

reactions and in dyeing, printing, and fungicides (Budavari et al. 1996). Copper nanoparticles are formed

through natural processes or can be manmade. They are primarily used as antimicrobial, antibacterial and

antifungal agents. A summary of copper nanoparticle toxicity is in Section 2.21. Table 4-1 lists common

synonyms, trade names, and other pertinent identification information for copper, copper sulfate, and

copper chloride.

Table 4-1. Chemical Identity of Copper, Copper Sulfate and Copper Chloride

Characteristic Copper Copper Sulfate Copper Chloride

M1; M2; M3; M4;

4.2 PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

Copper is a metallic solid that is malleable and has high thermal conductivity, high electrical

conductivity, low corrosivity, and alloying ability. Its malleability is attributed to its relatively low

number of electrons on its outer shell. The properties of copper typically vary with purity. Metallic copper

is naturally a reddish color, and when exposed to oxygen in the air, it forms copper oxide which is black

(Haynes 2015). As copper reacts with carbon dioxide in the air, copper carbonates, which are usually

green, form. Copper is positioned below hydrogen in the electromotive-force series (lower reactivity);

therefore, it will not displace hydrogen ions in water, and thus has no single displacement interaction with

water. It is soluble in dilute acid and in ammonia with the presence of an oxidizing agent. Copper will

undergo galvanic corrosion when in contact with other metals. Copper sulfate is typically produced by

treating hot copper with sulfuric acid. The resulting material is a white-green solid when anhydrous and

blue crystals when hydrated (CuSO 4 .5H 2 O), and it readily absorbs water (Haynes 2015). Copper chloride

is produced by reaction of metallic copper with chlorine. It is a yellow-brown powder in the anhydrous

form. Table 4-2 lists important physical and chemical properties of copper, copper sulfate, and copper

chloride.

Property Copper Copper (II) Sulfate Copper (II) Chloride