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UCONN ECE Biology Final exam with
answers
Ionic - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion. Ionic bonds require an electron donor, often a metal, and an electron acceptor, a nonmetal Ex. Sodium Chloride (NaCl) Covalent - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Covalent bonding is the sharing of electrons between atoms. This type of bonding occurs between two atoms of the same element or of elements close to each other in the periodic table. Ex. Water (H2O) Hydrogen - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Weak bond between a slightly positive atom of a polar covalent bond attracted to a slightly negative atom in a polar covalent bond
Ex. bond between water molecules Van der Waals - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Weak attractions that allow transient partial charges Ex. diatomics (HH) What is allosteric regulation and how does it work? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Regulating the availability of the enzymes active site Can change structurally (inhibit) or hold open for better binding (enable) What factors affect how permeable a phospholipid membrane is to a molecule? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ - Change in temp
- pH
- Number of saturated and unsaturated fatty acid tails
- Number of proteins What are the reactants/products of glycolysis? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ R: 1 glucose molecule P: 2 pyruvate 2 Net ATP
Nucleic Acid - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Sugar Phosphate Primary Structure - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Amino acid chains Peptide bonds Secondary Structure - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Beta pleated sheets Alpha Helix Due to Hydrogen bonds Tertiary Structure - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Di-sulfide bridges between cystine amino acids +/- charged R groups Hydrophobic/hydrophillic R groups Quaternary Structure - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ 2 or more polypeptides bonded together Ex. Hemoglobin What is the structure of ATP and where does the energy in ATP come from? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Structure: adenine, ribose sugar, 3 phosphate groups
Origin: bond between phosphate groups What are the three parts of a nucleotide? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ 1. Nitrogenous Base
- Phosphate Group
- (Deoxy)ribose Sugar Be able to interpret an enzyme activation graph - be able to determine where the products are, the reactants are, the activation energy needed for the reaction, the ฮG, and what happens when an enzyme is added - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ LOOK AT DIAGRAMS What is the structure of hemoglobin made out of? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Hemoglobin is made up of four polypeptide subunits (ฮฑ1, ฮฑ2, ฮฒ1, and ฮฒ2). Each chain is attached to a heme group composed of porphyrin (an organic ringlike compound) attached to an iron atom. Iron molecules found in middle of molecules Passive Transport - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Movement of ions and other atomic or molecular substances across cell membranes without need of energy input.
a pH be able to determine the concentration of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ - Based on hydrogen ion concentration (-log of H ions)
- 0-7 (ACID)
- 7-14 (NEUTRAL) pH of 6 is written like 10 to the -6 (hydrogen) Hydroxide= take 14 subtract the pH and put it with 10 What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain in the ETC of cell respiration? What is happening chemically to it? Is it considered an oxidizer or a reducer? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Oxygen Being reduced by receiving electrons Considered an oxidizer (forcing other molecules to give up e-) What makes a molecule dissolve in water? (in terms of types of bonds and the molecule itself)? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ - Polarity
- Molecules with OH groups/bonds
- Look at charge What is the difference between a hypertonic, hypotonic and isotonic solution? If a cell was put in each, what would happen? -
.... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Hyper: high solute, low water, cell shrinks Hypo: low solute, high water, cell burst Iso: equal solute and water, cell stays constant When FADH2 drops off its electrons in the ETC, is it being oxidized or reduced? What makes it give up its electrons? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Being oxidized Oxygen that is on the end of the chain What is the difference between a benign tumor and a malignant tumor? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ A benign tumor is a non- cancerous tumor and stay in one place (localized) A malignant tumor is a cancer tumor and spreads (metastasizes) What are the purine and pyrimidine bases in DNA and RNA? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Purine: adenine (A), guanine (G) Pyrimidine: thymine (T), cytosine (C) RNA has uracil (U)
- Ribosomes Eukaryote - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Membrane bound organelles How does the G-protein reception work? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Inactive- no signal molecule and GDP is attached Active- signal molecule is attached to receptor and GTP is attached How does the surface to volume ratio affect a cell? Which cells does it affect? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ - Surface area to the volume ratio gets smaller as the cell gets larger
- How big the cell gets
- Development of organs and tissues Affects metabolic efficiency (bigger=less) (smaller=more) ALL CELLS What is metabolic rate? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ the rate at which chemical reactions happen in cell What is the ABO blood type inheritance based on? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ - Co-dominant inheritance
- 1 gene based on 3 possible alleles (i, Ia, Ib) Why are single nucleotide polymorphisms used to map genes of human chromosomes? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ They are unique to people and associated with specific genes How do restriction enzymes cut DNA? Give an example. - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Looking for specific DNA sequence Cut 2 ways:
- blunt cut (no sticky ends)
- zig-zag cut (sticky ends) How does an operon work in terms of regulating genes, operators, repressors? Review lac and tryp operons - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ LOOK AT DIAGRAMS
- Regulating gene is upstream from operon
- Regulating gene creates opressor
- Operator area is where RNA polymerase binds and where repressor binds to to stop IF RESPRESSOR IS ATTACHED=NO TRANSCRIPTION (opposite for transcription) Tryp operon is always on until enough tryptophan is made
(Inner Ear) 3 little bones move and create waves in the fluid that gets transferred to tiny hairs to move back and forth Movement of hairs sends action potential to brain How do muscle fibers contract? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ LOOK AT PREVIOUS STUDY GUIDE In synapses, what do the chemical/ligand gated ion channels react to? (What makes them open) - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ The binding of neurotransmitters What happens in the heart during systole and diastole? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Systole (contracting)- Atrium- atrial ventricle valves open, semilunular valves are closed Ventricle- opposite Diastole (relaxation)- Atrium (ventricles are pumping Ventricle (atrium are pumping) How do fast twitch and slow twitch muscle fibers differ? How can you get the fast twitch fibers to last longer? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED
ANSWERS.... โโ Slow twitch are for long term endurance (last a long time due to high oxygen levels) Fast twitch are for short bursts of energy (short burst of energy, fire anaerobically) What happens when insulin goes into the bloodstream form the pancreas? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Lowers glucose from blood by helping pull glucose into cell Extra is stored in muscle cells, fat cells (triglycerides), and in liver The genetic code is redundant and unambiguous. What does this mean? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ One amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon What happens in autoimmune diseases? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Can not tell from self or non-self cells Causes body to attack itself What hormones are produced in the gonads? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ - Testosterone (males)
- Estrogen/estrodial (females)
Ammonia - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Freshwater and saltwater fish use this to diffuse ammonia across the gills into the surrounding water along a concentration gradient P: low ATP required, high solubility in water C: highly toxic to cells Urea - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Humans convert ammonia to less toxic urea and excrete it into urine by using the liver and carbon dioxide P: soluble, medium water loss, medium toxicity C: high ATP required Uric Acid - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Birds, reptiles, and terrestrial anthropods convert ammonia to uric acid which is excreted as dry paste P: low water loss, low solubility, low toxicity to embryo C: high ATP required What does Fick's law state? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ 1. Surface ares for gas exchange is large
- Respiratory surface is extremely thin
- Partial pressure gradient of gas across surface is large What is the structure of an epithelial tissue? Where is this type of tissue found in the body? - .... ๐ฐ VERIFIED ANSWERS.... โโ Protection, secretion, absorption Found in trachea, skin, and bladder
