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Shade tolerance - ✔️ ✔️ ability of plant to maintain positive carbon balance in low light conditions (low shade tolerance = high relative growth length)high temp = smaller surface area and more edge to get rid of heat (NC - pine needle) low temp = bigger surface area and less edge (Canada - maple)
Transpiration - ✔️ ✔️ the process by which moisture is carried through plants from roots to small pores on the underside of leaves, where it changes to vapor and is released to the atmosphere (evaporation from plant leaves)
Rubisco - ✔️ ✔️ very slow enzyme, kinda awful; but only thing we got - can cause problems to the plant and bind with oxygen (photorespiration), can slow down photosynthesis and production of sugars but increase metabolic rate
Aerobic and anaerobic cellular respiration - ✔️ ✔️ Aerobic: breakdown of glucose to harvest energy in the presence of oxygen Anaerobic: glucose can still breakdown through fermentation making lactic acid or ethanol
Explain why the opening of stomata has both benefits and costs for plants in dry environments. - ✔️ ✔️ Opening stomata allows CO2 into the plant but also loses water to the environment as long as it is opened.
Describe the features of C3, C4 and CAM photosynthetic strategies. Relate your description to why C4 and CAM plants are successful in hot and/or arid environments and why C3 are successful in more moist environments. - ✔️ ✔️ C3 isn't as water efficient as C4 and CAM therefore where there is a moist environment C3 will do just fine but not when it comes to a dry arid environment. C4 and CAM do well anywhere, they require more energy but they are more water efficient so they do better in dry and arid areas than the C3.
Landscape - ✔️ ✔️ area of connected ecosystems (dispersal)
Biosphere - ✔️ ✔️ worldwide sum of all ecosystems; integrates all living things and their relationships
Scientific Method - ✔️ ✔️ a method of research where a problem is identified, relevant data is gathered, and a hypothesis is made
Hypothesis - ✔️ ✔️ idea or explanation that you test through study and experimentation
Biodiversity - ✔️ ✔️ variety of life in a ecosystem or habitat
Ecosystem Functioning - ✔️ ✔️ Aggregate property or measure of a community that all individuals contribute to
- positive relationship between biodiversity and biomass
Selection Effect - ✔️ ✔️ greater probability of including a larger species in more diverse community
Complementarity Effect - ✔️ ✔️ habitat use or resource requirements differed for different species
Illustrate how an organism can both respond to and modify the abiotic conditions of its ecosystem - ✔️ ✔️ Ants and their ant hill
Explain why ecology is inherently an interdisciplinary science. Give 2 examples of the ties between ecology and other branches of science. - ✔️ ✔️ Because it is dependent on other branches of science.
- Chemistry - equations and balancing
- Biology - the different parts to get you to understand the whole (ecology) - understanding photosynthesis and things of that nature
Explain how ecological systems form a hierarchy. - ✔️ ✔️ Because you start with something small, individual, and then go up with something a little bigger each time; individual-population-community-ecosystem
What are potential relationships between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (patterns) and what mechanisms can generate these relationships (processes)? - ✔️ ✔️ Ants building their ant hill over and over again no matter how many times it would be destroyed by natural disasters or other animals. The reason the ants continually make their ant hill (pattern) is because it is their home (process)
Shortwave radiation - ✔️ ✔️ Sun - emitted straight to the earth from a source
Longwave radiation - ✔️ ✔️ radiation that is re-emitted from the earth
Albedo - ✔️ ✔️ proportion of light reflected from a surface
Mircoclimates - ✔️ ✔️ climate that differs from the general climate of the area
Explain the differences between weather, climate, and microclimate. Which is most important for individual organisms? Give an example. - ✔️ ✔️ Weather: temp, precipitation, wind, humidity, air, pressure cloudiness; combination of these factors at a specific place and time Climate: long term average pattern of weather - can be local, regional, or even global Microclimate: climate that differs from the general climate of the area For individuals microclimate is the most important in instance a bat cave - the cave would be more humid and warmer than the area outside of it
What is PAR? Do all organisms realize or utilize shortwave radiation in the same way? - ✔️ ✔️ PAR - range of light used in photosynthesis No, organisms realize/utilize shortwave radiation in different ways, they could use chlorophyll or carotenoids - some absorb the UV radiation to prevent cellular damage
Why are the coastal waters of the southeastern US generally warmer than coastal waters of the southwestern US (assume similar latitudes)? - ✔️ ✔️ Ocean currents are coming from the tropics rather than the poles
Explain why seasonality occurs and why it is more pronounced at temperate and polar latitudes. - ✔️ ✔️ The sunlight hits these areas at a greater angle than the equator because of the axis tilt. When one is tilted towards the sun the other is the farthest away, hence winter and summer being at the same times at different places
Why do the amount of rainfall and the composition of vegetation differ greatly on the opposite sides of a mountain range? - ✔️ ✔️ rainfall effect
Cohesion - ✔️ ✔️ tendency for water molecules to resist external forces and stick together, due to hydrogen bonds
Viscosity - ✔️ ✔️ the force necessary to separate water molecules and a follow an object to pass through the liquid
Buoyancy - ✔️ ✔️ upward force of water on an object that is less dense than water
Thermocline - ✔️ ✔️ rapid change in temperature
Epilimnion - ✔️ ✔️ warm surface waters
Hypolimnion - ✔️ ✔️ colder, deeper waters
Upwelling - ✔️ ✔️ a movement of surface waters that brings nutrient loaded cooler water to the surface
Light attenuation - ✔️ ✔️ reduction of the intensity of the light beam
Water balance - ✔️ ✔️ flow of water in and out of a system
Leaching - ✔️ ✔️ downward movement of nutrients; loss of negatively charged ions due to draining of system
Soil Profile - ✔️ ✔️ Vertical section of the soil that depicts all of its horizon (OTSU) Organical Materials Topsoil Subsoil Unconsolidated Soil
Wilting point - ✔️ ✔️ moisture level where plants can no longer extract water
Field Capacity - ✔️ ✔️ amount of water content in the soil after the excess water had drained away
Saturation point - ✔️ ✔️ when soil can't hold any more water; pore space is filled
Ion - ✔️ ✔️ charged particle
Ion exchange capacity - ✔️ ✔️ total number of charged sites
Explain why oxygen tends to be restricted to the upper layers of water. - ✔️ ✔️ because the fresh water coming in is less dense than the rest of the water so it cycles in the upper part of the water and the lower part is mostly sediments and fecal material which leads it to be anoxic
Compare the temperature profile of a lake in the northern US in each season and explain why the profiles change. - ✔️ ✔️ In the winter the thermocline isn't as dramatic because it is cold outside resulting in the top of the water to be cold as well, but in the summer months the thermocline is dramatic because the top of the water is going to be warmer due to the hot temperatures outside
What is the available water capacity of a soil? How is it calculated and why does it differ between soils high in sand and soils high in clay. - ✔️ ✔️ ??
Evolution - ✔️ ✔️ change in genetic composition in a population over time "descent with modification"
Disruptive selection - ✔️ ✔️ selection for both extremes (develop to have both extremes represented in future)
Assortative mating (positive and negative) - ✔️ ✔️ Positive - mates are phenotypically similar Negative - mates are phenotypically less similar
Hardy Weinberg equilibrium - ✔️ ✔️ genetic composition of populations will not change in the absence of mutation, migration, drift, and natural selection
Genetic differentiation - ✔️ ✔️ genetic variation among subpopulations (local populations of interbreeding individuals separated geographically from other populations)
Cline - ✔️ ✔️ gradual phenotypic/genetic changes over a geographical range
Ecotype - ✔️ ✔️ "step cline" - populations adapted to unique local environmental conditions
Subspecies - ✔️ ✔️ capable of interbreeding, but do mot because of geographic isolation or differences in timing of breeding
trade off - ✔️ ✔️ negative correlation between two traits. trade offs between competitive ability and the ability to tolerate or grow in more tailings
Developmental plasticity - ✔️ ✔️ changes in neural connections during development as a result of environmental actions as well as neural changes induced by learning
Acclimation - ✔️ ✔️ process in which an individual adjusts to a change in its environment
Use an example to explain how and why the genotype and environment influences the phenotype of an organism. - ✔️ ✔️ If a child was given the chromosomes XX then the child will have the phenotype to look like a female and environmental influences can affect how the girl looks because if there was a fire then the girl would always have a burn mark on her arm
Describe the differences between stabilizing, disruptive, and directional selection. - ✔️ ✔️ Directional means that it is going to go towards only one extreme ("left or right"), Stabilizing is when it goes against both extremes (not taking either of them), Disruptive means that it is going to go towards both extremes (having both represented in the future)
List the 5 conditions for a lack of evolution, according to the Hardy-Weinberg principle. Explain how these factors might contribute to population stasis. - ✔️ ✔️ 1. Mutation - could change individuals making them not wanted by some of the population
- Migration - moving around, not everyone can go to different places if they are hurt or old
- Drift - slow change in alleles in generations because of sample error - survival of the fittest
- Natural Selection - slowly evolving because of survival of the fittest, ones that don't evolve will die off
- Sexual Selection - only wanting the "best" so someone who isn't evolved or the "best" wouldn't be chosen and they could die off
Explain the concept of clines, ecotypes, and subspecies. - ✔️ ✔️ Cline: gradual change in species to adapt to a change in their geographic range Ecotypes: known as a steep cline because it is still a change in species to adapt but on the local level so it happens faster Subspecies: able to interbreed but there are obstacles so they never actually will
Explain the concept of a trade-off and suggest how this idea relates to the diversity of species we see among different habitats. - ✔️ ✔️ ???
Heterotroph - ✔️ ✔️ need to eat other organisms in order to have energy (consumers - humans)
Autotroph - ✔️ ✔️ make their own food (producers - algae)
Photosynthesis - ✔️ ✔️ with PAR energy is converted into sugars
Light reactions - ✔️ ✔️ Convert light energy into chemical energy (ATP and NADPH)
Dark reactions - ✔️ ✔️ Calvin cycle- uses ATP and NADPH to make sugars in reactions driven by enzyme Rubisco (part of cycle regenerates rubisco)
Epidermis - ✔️ ✔️ Outer layer of a cells on a leaf
Mesophyll - ✔️ ✔️ spongy tissue in the middle of the leaf made up of photosynthetic (parenchyma) cells and carries the vascular bundles
Stomata - ✔️ ✔️ pores in epidermis that allow gas exchange; water can leave the leaf, CO2 can enter leaf
Vascular Bundle - ✔️ ✔️ Xylem and Phloem Xylem: dead, waterproof (bc of lignin) - moves water into leaves Phloem: will move sugars to different parts of the plant
Abiotic - ✔️ ✔️ Physical rather than biological ; not derived from living organisms
Population - ✔️ ✔️ group of individuals of the same species in the same area
Community - ✔️ ✔️ populations of multiple species in the same area
