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Understanding the Internet and Email: A Comprehensive Guide, Summaries of Computer Science

Tribhuvan University KathmanduComputer Science

A detailed overview of the internet and email, covering key concepts, terminology, and practical uses. It explains internet terms like IP addresses, URLs, search engines, and HTML, plus services such as the World Wide Web, FTP, and VoIP. The document also explores the pros and cons of the internet in medicine and pharmaceuticals, emphasizing telemedicine, online medical education, and e-prescriptions. Furthermore, it provides a guide on creating a Gmail account and offers email safety tips for secure communication. This resource aims to improve understanding of internet and email for personal and professional use, stressing responsible online practices. It also covers email address structure and common features like inbox, sent mail, drafts, and trash folders to enhance email management.

Typology: Summaries

2022/2023

Uploaded on 06/14/2025

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narendra-bhatta 🇳🇵

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Understanding the Internet and Email
What is the Internet?
The internet is a global system that connects millions of computers and devices all over the
world. It allows people to communicate, share information, and access services from
anywhere. Think of it as a huge web that links many smaller networks together so they can
'talk' to each other.
Although it’s not something you can see or touch, the internet is made possible through
cables, satellites, mobile networks, and wireless signals. It uses a common set of rules called
protocols, especially TCP/IP, to send and receive information accurately and quickly.
Basic Internet Terms
1. IP Address (Internet Protocol Address)
An IP address is a unique string of numbers assigned to every device connected to the internet or a
local network. It acts like a digital home address, helping data find the correct destination. For
example, when you send an email or visit a website, your IP address ensures the information knows
where to go and where it came from.
• Example: 192.168.0.1 (IPv4), or 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 (IPv6)
2. URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
A URL is the complete web address used to access a specific website or page on the internet. It
includes the protocol (https://), domain name (google.com), and sometimes a path or query. It tells
the browser where to go.
• Example: https://www.google.com/search?q=internet
3. Browser
A browser is a software application used to explore the internet. It allows you to view websites,
watch videos, download files, and interact with online content. Common browsers include Chrome,
Firefox, Edge, Safari, and Opera.
4. Search Engine
A search engine is a tool that helps you find information on the internet. You type in keywords,
and it shows a list of related websites or resources. It uses algorithms to display the most relevant
results.
• Examples: Google, Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo
5. HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
HTML is the main language used to create web pages. It uses special tags to define the structure
and content of a webpage, such as headings, paragraphs, images, and links. Every website you visit is
built using HTML.
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Understanding the Internet and Email

What is the Internet?

The internet is a global system that connects millions of computers and devices all over the world. It allows people to communicate, share information, and access services from anywhere. Think of it as a huge web that links many smaller networks together so they can 'talk' to each other. Although it’s not something you can see or touch, the internet is made possible through cables, satellites, mobile networks, and wireless signals. It uses a common set of rules called protocols, especially TCP/IP, to send and receive information accurately and quickly.

Basic Internet Terms

1. IP Address (Internet Protocol Address) An IP address is a unique string of numbers assigned to every device connected to the internet or a local network. It acts like a digital home address , helping data find the correct destination. For example, when you send an email or visit a website, your IP address ensures the information knows where to go and where it came from.

  • Example : 192.168.0.1 (IPv4), or 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334 (IPv6) 2. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) A URL is the complete web address used to access a specific website or page on the internet. It includes the protocol (https://), domain name (google.com), and sometimes a path or query. It tells the browser where to go.
  • Example : https://www.google.com/search?q=internet 3. Browser A browser is a software application used to explore the internet. It allows you to view websites, watch videos, download files , and interact with online content. Common browsers include Chrome, Firefox, Edge, Safari, and Opera. 4. Search Engine A search engine is a tool that helps you find information on the internet. You type in keywords, and it shows a list of related websites or resources. It uses algorithms to display the most relevant results.
  • Examples : Google, Bing, Yahoo, DuckDuckGo 5. HTML (HyperText Markup Language) HTML is the main language used to create web pages. It uses special tags to define the structure and content of a webpage, such as headings, paragraphs, images, and links. Every website you visit is built using HTML.

6. HTTP / HTTPS (HyperText Transfer Protocol / Secure) HTTP and HTTPS are protocols (rules) used by web browsers to request and receive data from web servers.

  • HTTP sends data in plain text.
  • HTTPS is the secure version that encrypts the data for privacy and protection. 7. DNS (Domain Name System) DNS is like the internet’s phonebook. It converts website names (like www.facebook.com) into IP addresses (like 157.240.11.35), which computers use to locate each other. 8. Router A router is a device that connects multiple devices in your home or office to the internet. It directs data between your local network and the internet, choosing the best path for the data to travel. 9. Firewall A firewall is a security system that monitors and controls internet traffic going in and out of your network. It helps prevent unauthorized access, viruses, and cyberattacks. 10. ISP (Internet Service Provider) An ISP is the company that provides your internet connection. It supplies the equipment and services that allow you to access the internet using Wi-Fi, fiber, cable, or mobile data.
  • Examples in Nepal : WorldLink, NTC, Subisu 11. Web Page A web page is a single document on the internet. It could contain text, images, videos, links , or forms. A website is made up of many web pages. 12. Website A website is a collection of related web pages , usually under the same domain name. For example, www.wikipedia.org is a website, and each article on it is a separate web page. 13. Home Page The home page is the main or starting page of a website. It often gives a summary of what the website offers and includes navigation menus to other pages. 14. Hyperlink A hyperlink is a clickable text or image that connects you to another web page or part of the same page. It helps you navigate through the internet easily.
  • Usually appears underlined or in blue text. 15. Modem (Modulator-Demodulator) A modem is a device that connects your computer or router to the internet through your ISP. It converts digital signals to analog (and vice versa), enabling internet access over telephone or cable lines.
  • Pharmacy Management Systems Pharmacies can manage inventory, billing, and prescriptions using cloud-based internet systems, improving accuracy and speed.
  • Drug Interaction and Safety Alerts Pharmacists can use online tools to check drug interactions and receive alerts about recalls or side effects instantly.
  • Global Collaboration and Research Medical researchers can collaborate internationally, share data, and conduct joint research projects through online platforms.
  • Online Pharmacies Patients can order medicines from licensed online pharmacies, improving convenience and accessibility.
  • Awareness and Health Campaigns Healthcare organizations use the internet to run awareness campaigns about diseases, vaccination, and hygiene.
  • Patient Education Patients can learn about their conditions, medications, and healthy practices through trusted medical websites and portals.

Disadvantages of the Internet in the Medical and Pharmacy Field

  • Misinformation and Fake Medical Advice Not all online health information is accurate. Patients may follow incorrect advice from unverified sources, which can be harmful.
  • Privacy and Data Security Medical records shared or stored online may be at risk of being accessed by unauthorized persons or hackers.
  • Online Drug Sales from Illegal Sources Unlicensed websites may sell fake or harmful medicines, putting patient safety at risk.
  • Over-reliance on Online Diagnosis Patients might self-diagnose or treat based on internet searches, delaying proper medical care.
  • Digital Divide in Healthcare Not all hospitals, pharmacies, or patients have equal access to internet-based tools, especially in rural areas.
  • Cyberattacks on Health Systems Hospitals and pharmacies using online systems can become targets of cyberattacks, risking patient data and operations.
  • Distraction During Work Healthcare workers may get distracted by non-work internet usage, affecting productivity and focus.
  • Information Overload Too much online information may confuse healthcare professionals or patients when making health decisions.
  • Dependence on Technology Heavy reliance on internet tools may make healthcare providers less confident in making decisions without them.
  • Fake Health Products Promotions Some websites promote unapproved or non-scientific products that can mislead patients and cause harm.

IP Address Format

IPv4: Looks like 192.168.1.1 (four numbers between 0 and 255). IPv6: A longer version like 2001:0db8:85a3:0000:0000:8a2e:0370:7334.

Website Address (URL) Format

Example: https://www.example.com/blog?search=books

  • Protocol: https
  • Domain name: example.com
  • Path: /blog
  • Query: search=books

Main Services Provided by the Internet

1. World Wide Web (WWW)

The World Wide Web is a collection of web pages and websites that you can visit

using a web browser. It allows users to read content, view images, watch videos, and

access online resources.

2. Email (Electronic Mail)

Email is a fast and low-cost way to send and receive digital messages. Attachments

like documents or images can also be shared.

3. File Transfer (FTP - File Transfer Protocol)

FTP allows the transfer of large files over the internet between computers and

servers, commonly used in website management.

Email (Electronic Mail)

Email (electronic mail) is a way to send messages and files over the internet. You can

send emails to individuals or groups, attach documents, and even use it to sign up for

websites or apps. It allows users to exchange text, files, images, and other attachments

instantly, regardless of their physical location.

Key Points About Email:

  • Structure : An email typically has:

o To : Recipient's email address (e.g., [email protected])

o Subject : A short summary of the message

o Body : The main message content

o Attachments : Optional files (e.g., documents, images)

  • Email Address Format :

Example: [email protected]

o username is the individual or organization's ID

o example.com is the domain name of the email service provider

  • Common Uses :

o Personal communication

o Business correspondence

o Marketing and newsletters

o Notifications and account verification

  • Popular Email Providers :

o Gmail (Google)

o Outlook (Microsoft)

o Yahoo Mail

o Apple Mail (iCloud)

Create an Email Account Using Gmail (Google's free email service) Step 1: Visit the Gmail Sign-Up Page

  • Go to https://accounts.google.com/signup Step 2: Fill in Your Details
  • First name and last name
  • Choose a unique username (e.g., [email protected])
  • Create a password and confirm it

Step 3: Verify Your Phone Number

  • Google may ask for your phone number for verification and security.
  • Enter the code sent to your phone. Step 4: Add Recovery Information (Optional but Recommended)
  • Add another email or phone number for account recovery if you lose access. Step 5: Agree to Terms and Conditions
  • Read and accept the terms and conditions to complete your registration.

You now have a Gmail email address!

How to Send an Email From Gmail (After Logging In) Step 1: Click “Compose”

  • Located in the upper-left corner of your Gmail inbox. Step 2: Fill in Email Details
  • To : Recipient’s email address (e.g., [email protected])
  • Subject : Write a short summary (e.g., “Meeting Schedule”)
  • Message : Type your message in the large blank area. Step 3: Add Attachments (Optional)
  • Click the paperclip icon to attach files like PDFs, images, or documents. Step 4: Send the Email
  • Click the “Send” button.

Your email is now sent!