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UNDERSTANDING PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
CERTIFICATION EVALUATION 2026 EXAM
SCRIPT FULLY SOLVED QUESTIONS
◉A swallow study shows that a patient is aspirating thin fluids. The nurse knows aspiration puts the patient at a risk of developing: A: Bronchiectasis B: Emphysema C: Pneumonia D: Pneumothorax. Answer: C: Pneumonia ◉A 28-year-old male reports to his primary care provider that he has had a cold for a week. The PCP charts that the patient has hemoptysis. The nurse knows that the patient has expectorated what? A: clear secretions B: bloody secretions C: yellow secretions D: green secretions. Answer: B: bloody secretions
◉A 50-year-old male is diagnosed with a tension pneumothorax. What assessment findings would confirm this diagnosis? A: hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left B: patient report of sudden pleural pain, tachypnea, & dyspnea C: ruptured blebs in the apices of the lungs D: the air pressure in the pleural apace equals barometric pressure. Answer: A: hypotension, hypoxemia, and tracheal deviation to the left ◉A 50-year-old male with one kidney had to undergo surgery for an adrenal tumor. His zona glomerulosa was largely removed during the surgery. The nurse would expect the removal of this tumor to result in a decrease in: A: Aldosterone B: Potassium C: Acid D: Sodium. Answer: A: Aldosterone ◉Which nutrient would the nurse encourage the patient to consume for thyroid hormone synthesis?
◉A 12-year-old female is newly diagnosed with type 1 DM. When the parents ask what causes this, what is the nurse's best response? A: Hyperglycemia from eating too many sweets B: Immune destruction of the pancreas C: Obesity and lack of exercise D: A familial, autosomal dominant gene defect. Answer: B: Immune destruction of the pancreas ◉A nurse is giving an example of inflammation as an etiology for cancer development. What is the best example the nurse should give? A: Hypercholesteremia and leukemia B: Prostatic hypertrophy and prostate cancer C: Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer D: Pneumonia and lung cancer. Answer: C: Ulcerative colitis and colon cancer ◉A nurse recalls physical activity was shown to reduce the risk of which of the following types of cancer? A: Colon
B: Bone C: Prostate D: Lung. Answer: A: Colon ◉Which of the following patients would be at greatest risk for basal cell carcinoma? A: Dark complexion, light eyes, underweight B: Light complexion, light eyes, fair hair C: Light complexion, dark eyes, overweight D: Medium complexion, light eyes, smoker. Answer: B: Light complexion, light eyes, fair hair ◉A couple brings their child to his primary care provider for a checkup. The child has Down syndrome, and the couple is concerned about other diseases that could afflict the child. The primary care provider explains that young children with Down syndrome are at higher risk for developing: A: Leukemia B: Retinoblastoma C: Rhabdomyosarcoma D: Nephroblastoma. Answer: A: Leukemia
B: Autoimmune hypothyroidism C: Primary hypothyroidism D: Secondary hypothyroidism. Answer: D: Secondary hypothyroidism ◉When a patient wants to know what most commonly causes hypoparathyroidism, how should the nurse reply? It is most commonly caused by: A: Hypothalamic inactivity B: Parathyroid adenoma C: Parathyroid gland injury D: Pituitary hyposecretion. Answer: C: Parathyroid gland injury ◉A 45-year-old female was recently diagnosed with cervical cancer. She reports a sexual history that includes 43 partners. Which of the following is the most likely cause of her cancer? A: Herpes virus B: Human papillomavirus (HPV) C: Hepatitis B virus D: Rubella virus. Answer: B: Human papillomavirus (HPV)
◉A patient asks why indoor pollution is worse than outdoor pollution. How should the nurse respond? Indoor pollution is considered worse than outdoor pollution because of cigarette smoke and: A: Fireplace wood smoke B: Radon C: Chlorine D: Benzene. Answer: B: Radon ◉Which statement indicates the patient has a good understanding of cancer risk factors? The most important environmental risk factor for cancer is exposure to: A: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation B: Estrogen C: Radon D: Cigarette smoke. Answer: D: Cigarette smoke ◉A 3-year-old female was diagnosed with Wilms tumor. This disease is a tumor of the: A: Liver
A: Gastric cancer B: Pyloric stenosis C: Hiatal hernia D: Achalasia. Answer: C: Hiatal hernia ◉Pancreatic insufficiency is manifested by deficient production of: A: Lipase B: Amylase C: Bile D: Insulin. Answer: A: Lipase ◉A 50-year-old male is experiencing reflux of chyme from the stomach. He is diagnosed with gastroesophageal reflux. This condition is caused by: A: Reverse peristalsis of the stomach B: Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter C: Fibrosis of the lower third of the esophagus D: Sympathetic nerve stimulation. Answer: B: Loss of muscle tone at the lower esophageal sphincter
◉The icteric phase of hepatitis is characterized by which of the following clinical manifestations? A: Fatigue, malaise, vomiting B: Resolution of jaundice, liver function returns to normal C: Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver D: Fulminant liver failure, hepatorenal syndrome. Answer: C: Jaundice, dark urine, enlarged liver ◉The cardinal sign of pyloric stenosis caused by ulceration or tumors is: A: Heartburn B: Vomiting C: Diarrhea D: Constipation. Answer: B: Vomiting ◉The family learns that a 3D ultrasound of a 9-week fetus shows incomplete fusion of the nasomedial or intermaxillary process. The family will be told that the child will be born with: A: Cleft lip
A: Splenic veins B: Mesentery C: Lamina propria D: Villi. Answer: D: Villi ◉A 55-year-old female has general symptoms of gallstones but is also jaundiced. IV cholangiography would most likely reveal that the gallstones are obstructing the: A: Intrahepatic bile canaliculi B: Common bile duct C: Gallbladder D: Cystic duct. Answer: B: Common bile duct ◉A 50-year-old male complains of frequently recurring abdominal pain, diarrhea, and bloody stools. A possible diagnosis would be: A: Pyloric obstruction B: Ulcerative colitis C: Achalasia D: Hiatal hernia. Answer: B: Ulcerative colitis
◉A 54-year-old male is diagnosed with peptic ulcer disease. This condition is most likely caused by: A: Decreased vagal activity and vascular engorgement B: Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions C: Hereditary hormonal imbalances with high gastrin levels D: Gastric erosions related to high ammonia levels and bile reflux. Answer: B: Breaks in the mucosa and presence of corrosive secretions ◉A 7-month-old female presents with jaundice, clay-colored stool, and failure to gain weight. Testing reveals the absence of intrahepatic bile ducts. This condition is referred to as _____ atresia. A: Biliary B: Sinusoidal C: Hepatic D: Portal. Answer: A: Biliary ◉An isolated muscle is believed to be a type 1 fiber. Which of the following should be observed by the nurse when the muscle is stimulated?
◉A 70-year-old female presents with a hip fracture. She is diagnosed with osteoporosis. One factor that most likely contributed to her condition is: A. Decreased estrogen levels B. Strenuous exercise C. Increased androgen levels D. Excessive dietary calcium. Answer: A. Decreased estrogen levels ◉A 9-month-old male was diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) following recurrent fractures and findings of osteopenia. This disease is caused by errors in the synthesis of: A. Elastin B. Glycoproteins C. Collagen D. Calcium salts. Answer: C. Collagen ◉Osgood-Schlatter disease causes inflammation of the: A. Shoulder joint B. Hip cartilage
C. Elbow ligaments D. Patellar tendon. Answer: D. Patellar tendon ◉A client is burned through all the dermis with only a few epidermal appendages intact. This burn is classified as: A. first degree. B. deep partial-thickness. C. superficial partial-thickness. D. third degree.. Answer: B. deep partial-thickness. ◉A 67 year old male is in for a well visit. When taking the medical history, the patient reports that he had chicken pox as a child and never had the varicella vaccine. What vaccine would the nurse recommend? A. Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine B. Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR) vaccine C. Rotavirus (RV) vaccine D. Herpes zoster vaccine. Answer: D. Herpes zoster vaccine
D. Aspartate aminotransferase. Answer: A. Creatine kinase (CK) ◉While performing an assessment of a 2-month-old, the nurse notes a positive Ortolani click. The nurse would suspect the child has: A. Hip dysplasia B. A hip fracture C. Osteogenesis imperfecta D. Osteomyelitis. Answer: A. Hip dysplasia ◉In reviewing the history of the patient with osteosarcoma, the nurse might also expect the patient to have: A. Fibroma B. Ewing sarcoma C. Retinoblastoma D. Rhabdomyosarcoma. Answer: C. Retinoblastoma ◉A 30-year-old female has a history of frequent candidiasis. The area most likely affected includes: A. eyes and ears
B. cardiac muscle C. mucous membranes and vagina D. knees and elbows. Answer: C. mucous membranes and vagina ◉Varicella is more commonly known as: A. fifth disease B. chickenpox C. smallpox D. hand, foot, and mouth disease. Answer: B. chickenpox ◉A nurse is preparing to teach the staff about bones. Which information should the nurse include? After puberty, the epiphyseal plate calcifies, and the epiphysis and _____ merge. A. Epiphyseal line B. Metaphysis C. Diaphyseal plate D. Articular cartilage. Answer: B. Metaphysis ◉A 54-year-old female was recently diagnosed with degenerative joint disease. This condition is characterized by loss of:
